Technoeconomic Analysis of Hybrid Advanced-Oxidation Processes for the Treatment of Ultrafiltration Filtrate Wastewaters, a Byprocess of Yeast Production
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 10
Abstract
Yeast production wastewater is an industrial wastewater with a high organic pollutant content, and it has different adverse effects on the environment as untreated discharge. To treat this kind of wastewater with a high chemical oxygen demand (COD), advanced wastewater treatment technologies have to be used and evaluated with economic parameters for their applicability. The objective of the study was the technoeconomic optimization of ultraviolet Fenton oxidation (UV/FO) and ultraviolet electrochemical Fenton oxidation (UV/EFO) processes as a subsection of hybrid advanced-oxidation processes (AOPs) for the effective degradation of COD from ultrafiltration filtrate wastewaters, a byprocess of yeast production. In optimization studies, the influence of operating parameters such as pH, current density concentration, concentration, and economic parameters such as sludge disposal, chemical cost, electrode cost, energy cost, and total operating cost was investigated. A double-criteria optimization option has been used to maximize the COD removal efficiency and minimize the total operating cost of the processes by the response surface methodology (RSM), and parametric effects of main factors on the processes were evaluated in a detail. The optimal conditions using the UV/FO process were determined to be an initial pH of 3, concentration of , and concentration of , in which the COD removal was 99.96% and the total organic carbon (TOC) removal was 76%, with a total operating cost of (). In the UV/EFO process, the optimum conditions were observed to be an initial pH of 3.07, current density of , and concentration of , in which COD removal was 99% and TOC removal was 81%, with a total operating cost of (). Based on the obtained results, it was found that UV/FO and UV/EFO processes resulted in a considerable amount of COD removal. Almost for the same COD removal efficiency, the UV/EFO process was observed to have a lower cost in terms of sludge disposal and the chemicals used. The UV/EFO process is an effective technology improving the wastewater quality for potential reuse and a cost-effective approach.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All relevant data are included in the published article.
References
Ahmadi, M., F. Ghanbari, and S. Madihi-Bidgoli. 2016. “Photoperoxi-coagulation using activated carbon fiber cathode as an efficient method for benzotriazole removal from aqueous solutions: Modelling, optimization and mechanism.” J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 322–323 (May): 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.02.025.
Alavijeh, H. N., M. Sadeghi, M. R. K. Kashani, and A. Moheb. 2022. “Efficient chemical coagulation-electrocoagulation-membrane filtration integrated systems for baker’s yeast wastewater treatment: Experimental and economic evaluation.” Cleaner Chem. Eng. 3 (Aug): 100032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clce.2022.100032.
Ano, J., B. G. H. Briton, K. E. Kouassi, and K. Adouby. 2020. “Nitrate removal by electrocoagulation process using experimental design methodology: A techno-economic optimization.” J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 8 (5): 104292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104292.
APHA (American Public Health Association). 2005. Standard methods for the examination of waste and wastewater. 19th ed. Washington, DC: APHA.
Arka, A., C. Dawit, A. Befekadu, S. K. Debela, and P. Asaithambi. 2022. “Wastewater treatment using sono-electrocoagulation process: Optimization through response surface methodology.” Sustainable Water Resour. Manage. 8 (3): 61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-022-00649-6.
Asaithambi, P., and R. Govindarajan. 2021. “Hybrid sono-electrocoagulation process for the treatment of landfill leachate wastewater: Optimization through a central composite design.” Approaches Environ. Process 8 (2): 793–816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-021-00509-z.
Asaithambi, P., R. Govindarajan, M. B. Yesuf, and E. Alemayehun. 2020. “Removal of color, COD and determination of power consumption from landfill leachate wastewater using an electrochemical advanced oxidation processes.” Sep. Purif. Technol. 233 (Feb): 115935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115935.
Babuponnusami, A., and K. Muthukumar. 2012. “Advanced oxidation of phenol: A comparison between Fenton, electro-Fenton, sono-electro-Fenton and photo-electro-Fenton processes.” Chem. Eng. J. 183 (Jun): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.12.010.
Balcıoğlu, G., and Z. B. Gönder. 2014. “Recovery of baker’s yeast wastewater with membrane processes for agricultural irrigation purpose: Fouling characterization.” Chem. Eng. J. 255 (Nov): 630–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.06.084.
Brillas, E., I. Sires, and M. A. Oturan. 2009. “Electro-Fenton process and related electrochemical technologies based on Fenton’s reaction chemistry.” Chem. Rev. 109 (12): 6570–6631. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr900136g.
Can-Güven, E. 2021. “Advanced treatment of dye manufacturing wastewater by electrocoagulation and electro-Fenton processes: Effect on COD fractions, energy consumption, and sludge analysis.” J. Environ. Manage. 300 (Aug): 113784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113784.
Casado, J. 2019. “Towards industrial implementation of electro-Fenton and derived technologies for wastewater treatment: A review.” J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 7 (1): 102823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.102823.
Esfahani, K. N., M. Farhadian, and A. R. Solaimany Nazar. 2019. “Interaction effects of various reaction parameters on the treatment of sulfidic spent caustic through electro-photo-Fenton.” Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16 (May): 7165–7174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2126-8.
Fekadu, S., E. Alemayehu, P. Asaithambi, and B. Van der Bruggen. 2022. “Removal of phosphate from the healthcare wastewater through peroxi-photoelectrocoagulation process: Effect of process parameters.” Int. J. Environ. Res. 16 (1): 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-021-00388-0.
Filipcev, B., A. Mišan, B. Saric, and O. Šimurina. 2016. “Sugar beet molasses as an ingredient to enhance the nutritional and functional properties of gluten-free cookies.” Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 67 (3): 249–256. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2016.1157140.
Gamarra-Güere, C. D., D. Dionisio, G. O. S. Santos, M. R. V. Lanza, and A. J. Motheo. 2022. “Application of Fenton, photo-Fenton and electro-Fenton processes for the methylparaben degradation: A comparative study.” J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 10 (1): 106992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106992.
Gao, X., C. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Guo, H. Zhang, M. Zhao, and Y. Wang. 2022. “Treatment of membrane concentrated landfill leachate by a heterogeneous electro-Fenton process with an iron-loaded needle coke cathode.” J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 10 (5): 108287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.108287.
Ghanbari, F., and M. Moradi. 2015. “A comparative study of electrocoagulation, electrochemical Fenton, electro-Fenton and peroxi-coagulation for decolorization of real textile wastewater: Electrical energy consumption and biodegradability improvement.” J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 3 (1): 499–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2014.12.018.
Ghjair, A. Y., and A. H. Abbar. 2023. “Applications of advanced oxidation processes (electro–Fenton and sono–electro–Fenton) for COD removal from hospital wastewater: Optimization using response surface methodology.” Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 169 (Jun): 481–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.11.039.
Gilpavas, E., and S. Correa-Sanchez. 2019. “Optimization of the heterogeneous electro-Fenton process assisted by scrap zero-valent iron for treating textile wastewater: Assessment of toxicity and biodegradability.” J. Water Process. Eng. 32 (Dec): 100924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100924.
Gilpavas, E., I. Dobrosz-Gómez, and M. A. Gómez-García. 2018. “Optimization of solar-driven photo-electro-Fenton process for the treatment of textile industrial wastewater.” J. Water Process Eng. 24 (Aug): 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.05.007.
Gogate, P. R., and A. B. Pandit. 2004. “A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment II: Hybrid methods.” Adv. Environ. Res. 8 (3–4): 553–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1093-0191(03)00031-5.
Hammouda, B., S. C. Salazar, F. Zhao, D. L. Ramasamy, E. Laklova, S. Iftekhar, I. Babu, and M. Sillanp. 2019. “Efficient heterogeneous electro-Fenton incineration of a contaminant of emergent concern-cotinine-in aqueous medium using the magnetic double perovskite oxide Sr2FeCuO6 as a highly stable catalyst: Degradation kinetics and oxidation products.” Appl. Catal., B 240 (Apr): 201–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.09.002.
Hasani, K., A. Peyghami, A. Moharrami, M. Vosoughi, and A. Dargahi. 2020. “The efficacy of sono-electro-Fenton process for removal of cefixime antibiotic from aqueous solutions by response surface methodology (RSM) and evaluation of toxicity of effluent by microorganisms.” Arab. J. Chem. 13 (7): 6122–6139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.05.012.
Ismail, S. A., W. L. Ang, and A. W. Mohammad. 2021. “Electro-Fenton technology for wastewater treatment: A bibliometric analysis of current research trends, future perspectives and energy consumption analysis.” J. Water Process Eng. 40 (Apr): 101952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.101952.
Jiao, Y., L. Ma, Y. Tian, and M. Zhou. 2020. “A flow-through electro-Fenton process using modified activated carbon fiber cathode for orange II removal.” Chemosphere 252 (Dec): 126483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126483.
Jing, L., B. Chen, D. Wen, J. Zheng, and B. Zhang. 2017. “Pilot-scale treatment of atrazine production wastewater by UV/O3/ultrasound: Factor effects and system optimization.” J. Environ. Manage. 203 (Dec): 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.027.
Kamyab, B., and H. Zilouei. 2020. “Investigating the efficiency of biogas production using modelling anaerobic digestion of baker’s yeast wastewater on two-stage mixed-UASB reactor.” Fuel 285 (Feb): 119198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119198.
Kang, N., D. S. Lee, and J. Yoon. 2002. “Kinetic modeling of Fenton oxidation of phenol and monochlorophenols.” Chemosphere 47 (9): 915–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00067-X.
Kang, Y. W., and K. Y. Hwang. 2000. “Effects of reaction conditions on the oxidation efficiency in the Fenton process.” Water Res. 34 (10): 2786–2790. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00388-7.
Khaleel, G. F., I. Ismail, and A. H. Abbar. 2023. “Application of solar photo-electro-Fenton technology to petroleum refinery wastewater degradation: Optimization of operational parameters.” Heliyon 9 (4): e15062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15062.
Kim, S. M., S. U. Geissen, and A. Vogelpohl. 1997. “Landfill leachate treatment by a photoassisted Fenton reaction.” Water Sci. Technol. 35 (May): 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00031-0.
Kobya, M., and S. Delipınar. 2008. “Treatment of the baker’s yeast wastewater by electrocoagulation.” J. Hazard. Mater. 154 (1–3): 1133–1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.019.
Kuleyin, A., A. Gök, and F. Akbal. 2021. “Treatment of textile industry wastewater by electro-Fenton process using graphite electrodes in batch and continuous mode.” J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9 (1): 104782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104782.
Kusic, H., N. Koprivanac, A. L. Bozic, and I. Selanec. 2006. “Photo-assisted Fenton type processes for the degradation of phenol: A kinetic study.” J. Hazard. Mater. B136 (3): 632–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.12.046.
Lee, J. A., Y. J. Son, M. J. Ko, W. S. Shin, J. W. Kim, J. Choi, S. Lee, and W. Hong. 2020. “Investigation of titanium mesh as a cathode for the electro-Fenton process: Consideration of its practical application in wastewater treatment.” Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol. 6 (6): 1627–1637. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EW01144G.
Li, J., Z. Luan, L. Yu, and Z. Ji. 2012. “Pretreatment of acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater by the Fenton process.” Desalination 284 (Sep): 62–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.08.037.
Liu, W., K. Xiao, J. Li, J. Zhu, L. Sun, and C. Chen. 2022. “Efficient removal of organic contaminants in real shale gas flowback water using Fenton oxidation assisted by UV irradiation: Feasibility study and process optimization.” Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 158 (Jun): 687–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.12.020.
Liu, X., Y. Zhou, J. Zhang, L. Luo, Y. Yang, H. Huang, H. Peng, L. Tang, and Y. Mu. 2018. “Insight into electro-Fenton and photo-Fenton for the degradation of antibiotics: Mechanism study and research gaps.” Chem. Eng. J. 347 (Feb): 379–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.142.
Martinez-Huitle, C., A. Manuel, A. Rodrigo, I. Sirés, and O. Scialdone. 2023. “A critical review on latest innovations and future challenges of electrochemical technology for the abatement of organics in water.” Appl. Catal., B 328 (Aug): 122430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.122430.
Meng, G., N. Jiang, Y. Wang, H. Zhang, Y. Tang, Y. Lv, and J. Bai. 2022. “Treatment of coking wastewater in a heterogeneous electro-Fenton system: Optimization of treatment parameters, characterization, and removal mechanism.” J. Water Process Eng. 45 (Feb): 102482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102482.
Moreno-Casillas, H. A., D. L. Cocke, J. A. Gomes, P. Morkovsky, J. R. Parga, and E. Peterson. 2007. “Electrocoagulation mechanism for COD removal.” Sep. Purif. Technol. 56 (2): 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.01.031.
Muruganandham, M., and M. Swaminathan. 2004. “Decolourisation of reactive orange 4 by Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation technology.” Dyes Pigm. 63 (3): 315–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2004.03.004.
Nidheesh, P. N., and R. Gandhimathi. 2012. “Trends in electro-Fenton process for water and wastewater treatment: An overview.” Desalination 299 (Aug): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.05.011.
Pacheco-Alvarez, M. O. A., A. Picos, T. Perez-Segura, and J. M. Peralta-Hernandez. 2019. “Proposal for highly efficient electrochemical discoloration and degradation of azo dyes with parallel arrangement electrodes.” J. Electroanalytical. Chem. Lausanne (Lausanne) 838 (Apr): 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.03.004.
Ruppert, G., R. Bauer, and G. Heisler. 1993. “The photo-Fenton reaction—An effective photochemical wastewater treatment process.” J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 73 (1): 75–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(93)80035-8.
Sjölin, M., J. Thuvander, O. Wallberg, and F. Lipnizki. 2020. “Purification of sucrose in sugar beet molasses by utilizing ceramic nanofiltration and ultrafiltration membranes.” Membranes 10 (Jun): 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10010005.
Sjölina, M., M. Sayed, J. Thuvander, F. Lipnizki, R. H. Kaul, and O. Wallberg. 2022. “Effect of membrane purification and concentration of sucrose in sugar beet molasses for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.” Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 179 (Mar): 365–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2022.01.007.
Sun, Y., and J. J. Pignatello. 1993. “Photochemical reactions involved in the total mineralization of 2,4-D by Fe3+/H2O2/UV.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 27 (2): 304–310. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00039a010.
Tak, B., B. Tak, Y. Kim, Y. Park, Y. Yoon, and G. Min. 2015. “Optimization of color and COD removal from livestock wastewater by electrocoagulation process: Application of box–Behnken design (BBD).” J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 28 (Aug): 307–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2015.03.008.
Ting, W. P., M. C. Lu, and Y. H. Huang. 2008. “The reactor design and comparison of Fenton, electro-Fenton and photoelectron-Fenton processes for mineralization of benzene sulfonic acid (BSA).” J. Hazard. Mater. 156 (1–3): 421–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.031.
Tokumura, M., A. Ohta, H. T. Znad, and Y. Kawase. 2006. “UV light assisted decolorization of dark brown colored coffee effluent by photo-Fenton reaction.” Water Res. 40 (20): 3775–3784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.012.
Trigueros, D. E. G., L. Braun, and C. L. Hinterholz. 2022. “Environmental and economic feasibility of the treatment of dairy industry wastewater by photo-Fenton and electrocoagulation process: Multicriteria optimization by desirability function.” J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 427 (Aug): 113820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113820.
Walling, C. 1975. “Fenton’s reagent revisited.” Account Chem. Res. 8 (4): 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50088a003.
Wang, C. T., W. Chou, M. H. Chung, and Y. M. Kuo. 2010. “COD removal from real dyeing wastewater by electro-Fenton technology using an activated carbon fiber cathode.” Desalination 253 (1–3): 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.11.020.
Wang, Z., H. Qiao, Z. Yu, X. Yang, Z. Tang, W. Zhou, and H. Zhao. 2022. “Source analysis of benzene degradability in floating cathode electro-Fenton system based on COD removal ratio.” J. Water Process Eng. 46 (Jul): 102568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102568.
Wu, J., H. Zhang, N. Oturan, Y. Wang, L. Chen, and M. A. Oturan. 2012. “Application of response surface methodology to the removal of the antibiotic tetracycline by electrochemical process using carbon-felt cathode and DSA (Ti/RuO2–IrO2) anode.” Chemosphere 87 (6): 614–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.036.
Xu, M., C. Wu, and Y. Zhou. 2020. “Advancements in the Fenton process for wastewater treatment.” Adv. Oxid. Process 61 (Jun): 61–77. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90256.
Xu, X., Z. Lv, Y. Song, and L. Bin. 2015. “Water system integration and optimization in a yeast enterprise.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 101 (May): 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.05.019.
Zhang, H., C. Fei, D. Zhang, and F. Tang. 2007. “Degradation of 4-nitrophenol in aqueous medium by electro-Fenton method.” J. Hazard. Mater. 145 (1–2): 227–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.11.016.
Zhou, M., Q. Yu, L. Lei, and G. Barton. 2007. “Electro Fenton method for the removal of methyl red in an efficient electrochemical system.” Sep. Purif. Technol. 57 (2): 380–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.04.021.
Zou, R. I., B. Angelidaki, and Y. Z. Jin. 2020. “Feasibility and applicability of the scaling-up of bio-electro-Fenton system for textile wastewater treatment.” Environ. Int. 134 (May): 105352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105352.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 10 • October 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 25, 2023
Accepted: May 17, 2023
Published online: Aug 7, 2023
Published in print: Oct 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jan 7, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Benefit cost ratios
- Business management
- Chemical processes
- Chemical treatment
- Chemistry
- Cooling (wastewater treatment)
- Density currents
- Engineering fundamentals
- Environmental engineering
- Filtration
- Financial management
- Fluid dynamics
- Fluid mechanics
- Hydrologic engineering
- Industrial wastes
- Mathematics
- Oxygen demand
- Parameters (statistics)
- Pollutants
- Practice and Profession
- Solid wastes
- Statistics
- Waste management
- Waste treatment
- Wastes
- Wastewater management
- Wastewater treatment
- Water and water resources
- Water treatment
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.