Identification of Indicators for Developing an Integrated Study on Urban Water Supply System, Planning, and Management
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 3
Abstract
The increasing population growth, urbanization, climate change, mismanagement of water resources, and poorly planned water distribution systems with negligible integration with spatial planning are increasing water stress in many countries across the globe. Even though optimization of water distribution systems and integrated water management practices are being implemented in many cities and regions, there is a lack of an integrated study considering the urban water supply system, planning, and management. This paper identifies the various parameters and indicators to be considered along with the relevant tools and techniques for optimizing water resources, optimum water resource allocation, and integrated water supply and management. During the research, 116 indicators were identified through a literature review, followed by a three-round Delphi survey to attain consensus from 30 experts. At the end of the third round, 72 indicators achieved maximum consensus among the experts (). The identified indicators can be used for developing an integrated model for urban water supply systems, planning, and management.
Practical Applications
The changing climate, increasing urbanization, and rampant population growth are creating multiple challenges of water quality, water scarcity, floods, and droughts all over the globe. For present and future water security, it is essential to integrate the three aspects of urban waters, i.e., water supply systems or the different water resources like surface water, groundwater, recycled water, reclaimed water, and rainwater; water supply planning, which considers the planning for the present and future water demand, a contingency plan in case of emergency and water distribution system integrating the topography and spatial planning of a city or region; and water supply management, which addresses the allocation, distribution, and management of water resources along with recycling and reuse of wastewater. For the integration of these three aspects, an integrated model needs to be developed addressing all these together. In this paper, different indicators that should be considered for the integrated model have been derived through expert opinions followed by an empirical analysis to finalize the list of indicators.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
References
Aguilar, M. F., and R. L. Dymond. 2019. “Evaluation of stormwater control measure performance uncertainty.” J. Environ. Eng. 145 (10): 04019060. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001590.
Alcamo, J., M. Flörke, and M. Märker. 2007. “Future long-term changes in global water resources driven by socio-economic and climatic changes.” Hydrol. Sci. J. 52 (2): 247–275. https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.52.2.247.
Alemu, Z. A., and M. O. Dioha. 2020. “Modelling scenarios for sustainable water supply and demand in Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia.” Environ. Syst. Res. 9 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-020-00168-3.
Allende-Prieto, C., B. I. Méndez-Fernández, L. A. Sañudo-Fontaneda, and S. M. Charlesworth. 2018. “Development of a geospatial data-based methodology for stormwater management in urban areas using freely-available software.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15 (8): 1703. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081703.
Bagheri, A., A. Asgary, J. Levy, and M. Rafieian. 2006. “A performance index for assessing urban water systems: A fuzzy inference approach.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 98 (11): 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2006.tb07807.x.
Ben-Daoud, M., B. El Mahrad, I. Elhassnaoui, A. Moumen, A. Sayad, M. ELbouhadioui, G. A. Moroşanu, L. El Mezouary, A. Essahlaoui, and S. Eljaafari. 2021. “Integrated water resources management: An indicator framework for water management system assessment in the R’Dom Sub-basin, Morocco.” Environ. Challenges 3 (Apr): 100062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100062.
Bernal, D., I. Restrepo, and S. Grueso-Casquete. 2021. “Key criteria for considering decentralization in municipal wastewater management.” Heliyon 7 (3): e06375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06375.
Bettencourt, L. M., J. Lobo, D. Helbing, C. Kühnert, and G. B. West. 2007. “Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (17): 7301–7306. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610172104.
Blum, W. E. H., and H. Swaran. 2004. “Soils for sustaining global food production.” J. Food Sci. 69 (2): crh37–crh42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb15490.x.
Butler, D., R. Farmani, G. Fu, S. Ward, K. Diao, and M. Astaraie-Imani. 2014. “A new approach to urban water management: Safe and sure.” Procedia Eng. 89: 347–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.198.
Candelieri, A., D. Conti, and F. Archetti. 2014. “Improving analytics in urban water management: A spectral clustering-based approach for leakage localization.” Procedia - Social Behav. Sci. 108 (Jan): 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.834.
Capodaglio, A. G. 2017. “Integrated, decentralized wastewater management for resource recovery in rural and Peri-urban areas.” Resources 6 (2): 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources6020022.
Chang, H., G. Parandvash, and V. Shandas. 2010. “Spatial variations of single-family residential water consumption in Portland, Oregon.” Urban Geogr. 31 (7): 953–972. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.31.7.953.
Chang, H. J., and L. House-Peters. 2010. “Cities as place for climate mitigation and adaptation: A case study of Portland, Oregon, USA.” J. Korean Geogr. Soc. 45 (1): 49–74.
Chen, D. C., C. Maksimovic, and N. Voulvoulis. 2011. “Institutional capacity and policy options for integrated urban water management: A Singapore case study.” Water Policy 13 (1): 53–68. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.073.
Chen, Z., G. Wu, Y. Wu, Q. Wu, Q. Shi, H. H. Ngo, O. A. Vargas Saucedo, and H. Y. Hu. 2020. “Water eco-nexus cycle system (WaterEcoNet) as a key solution for water shortage and water environment problems in urban areas.” Water Cycle 1: 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watcyc.2020.05.004.
Chong, J. 2014. “Climate-readiness, competition and sustainability: An analysis of the legal and regulatory frameworks for providing water services in Sydney.” Water Policy 16 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.058.
Christie, C. A., and E. Barela. 2005. “The Delphi technique as a method for increasing inclusion in the evaluation process.” Can. J. Program Eval. 20 (1): 105.
CRED. 2020. “Global trends and perspectives.” Accessed November 27, 2022. https://www.emdat.be.
Esmail, B. A., and L. Suleiman. 2020. “Analyzing evidence of sustainable urban water management systems: A review through the lenses of sociotechnical transitions.” Sustainability 12 (11): 4481. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114481.
Farmani, R., and D. Butler. 2014. “Implications of urban form on water distribution systems performance.” Water Resour. Manage. 28 (1): 83–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-013-0472-3.
Franco-Torres, M., R. Kvålshaugen, and R. M. Ugarelli. 2021. “Understanding the governance of urban water services from an institutional logics perspective.” Util. Policy 68 (Feb): 101159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2020.101159.
Ganora, D., S. Isacco, and P. Claps. 2017. “Framework for enhanced stormwater management by optimization of sewer pumping stations.” J. Environ. Eng. 143 (8): 04017025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001220.
Gao, X., Y. Liu, and B. Sun. 2018. “Water shortage risk assessment considering large-scale regional transfers: A copula-based uncertainty case study in Lunan, China.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25 (23): 23328–23341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2408-1.
Garcia, M., E. Koebele, A. Deslatte, K. Ernst, K. F. Manago, and G. Treuer. 2019. “Towards urban water sustainability: Analyzing management transitions in Miami, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles.” Global Environ. Change 58 (Sep): 101967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101967.
Gee, K. D., and W. F. Hunt. 2016. “Enhancing stormwater management benefits of rainwater harvesting via innovative technologies.” J. Environ. Eng. 142 (8): 04016039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001108.
Giustolisi, O., D. Laucelli, and M. Mastrorilli. 2001. “Integrated management of urban water systems to reuse waste waters.” WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 49: 87–104. https://doi.org/10.2495/WP010081.
Gleason, J. A., and C. C. Flores. 2021. “Challenges of water sensitive cities in Mexico: The case of the metropolitan area of Guadalajara.” Water (Switzerland) 13 (5): 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050601.
Goyal, M. K., and R. Y. Surampalli. 2018. “Impact of climate change on water resources in India.” J. Environ. Eng. 144 (7): 04018054. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001394.
Guan, H., L. Chen, S. Huang, C. Yan, and Y. Wang. 2020. “Multi-objective optimal allocation of water resources based on “three red lines” in Qinzhou, China.” Water Policy 22 (4): 541–560. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.131.
Hackett, S., H. Masson, and S. Phillips. 2006. “Exploring consensus in practice with youth who are sexually abusive: Findings from a Delphi study of practitioner views in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.” Child Maltreatment 11 (2): 146–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559505285744.
Han, Y., S. G. Xu, and X. Z. Xu. 2008. “Modeling multisource multiuser water resources allocation.” Water Resour. Manage. 22 (7): 911–923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-007-9201-0.
Hanafin, S., A. M. Brooks, E. Carroll, E. Fitzgerald, S. N. GaBhainn, and J. Sixsmith. 2005. “Achieving consensus in developing a national set of child well-being indicators.” Can. J. Program Eval. 20 (1): 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-006-9022-1.
Hargreaves, A. J., R. Farmani, S. Ward, and D. Butler. 2019. “Modelling the future impacts of urban spatial planning on the viability of alternative water supply.” Water Res. 162 (Oct): 200–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.029.
Henny, C., and A. A. Meutia. 2014. “Urban lakes in megacity Jakarta: Risk and management plan for future sustainability.” Procedia Environ. Sci. 20: 737–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2014.03.088.
Hurlimann, A., and E. Wilson. 2018. “Sustainable urban water management under a changing climate: The role of spatial planning.” Water (Switzerland) 10 (5): 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10050546.
Huyghe, W., M. Hernández-Pacheco Algaba, K. van Leeuwen, S. Koop, and S. Eisenreich. 2021. “Assessment of the urban water cycle in Antwerp (BE): The City Blueprint Approach (CBA).” Cleaner Environ. Syst. 2 (Jun): 100011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2021.100011.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2014. Climate change 2014 : Mitigation of climate change : Working Group III contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Geneva: IPCC.
Irvine, K., L. Chua, and H. S. Eikass. 2014. “The four national taps of Singapore: A holistic approach to water resources management from drainage to drinking water.” J. Water Manage. Model. C375. https://doi.org/10.14796/JWMM.C375.
Jensen, O., and H. Wu. 2018. “Urban water security indicators: Development and pilot.” Environ. Sci. Policy 83 (May): 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.02.003.
Jiang, Y., C. Zevenbergen, and Y. Ma. 2018. “Urban pluvial flooding and stormwater management: A contemporary review of China’s challenges and ‘sponge cities’ strategy.” Environ. Sci. Policy 80 (Feb): 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.11.016.
Karimlou, K., N. Hassani, A. Rashidi Mehrabadi, and M. R. Nazari. 2020. “Developing a model for decision-makers in dynamic modeling of urban water system management.” Water Resour. Manage. 34 (2): 481–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-019-02428-z.
Karpouzoglou, T., F. Marshall, and L. Mehta. 2018. “Towards a peri-urban political ecology of water quality decline.” Land Use Policy 70: 485–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.11.004.
Kenabatho, P. K., and M. Montshiwa. 2005. “Integrated water resources management as a tool for drought planning and management in Botswana: A diagnostic approach.” Int. J. Sustainable Dev. Plann. 1 (1): 61–75. https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP-V1-N1-61-75.
Keyvanfar, A., A. Shafaghat, N. Ismail, S. Mohamad, and H. Ahmad. 2021. “Multifunctional retention pond for stormwater management: A decision-support model using Analytical Network Process (ANP) and Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA).” Ecol. Indic. 124 (May): 107317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107317.
Kim, H., J. Son, S. Lee, S. Koop, K. van Leeuwen, Y. J. Choi, and J. Park. 2018. “Assessing urban water management sustainability of a megacity: Case study of Seoul, South Korea.” Water (Switzerland) 10 (6): 682. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10060682.
Lerer, S., K. Arnbjerg-Nielsen, and P. Mikkelsen. 2015. “A mapping of tools for informing water sensitive urban design planning decisions—Questions, aspects and context sensitivity.” Water 7 (12): 993–1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7030993.
Li, X. Y., F. F. Li, and J. Qiu. 2017. “A new evaluation for water transfer optimal schemes with the consideration of reliability, stability, and severity.” Water Resour. Manage. 31 (9): 2823–2836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-017-1665-y.
Li, Z., M. Dong, T. Wong, J. Wang, A. J. Kumar, and R. P. Singh. 2018. “Objectives and indexes for implementation of sponge cities—A case study of Changzhou City, China.” Water (Switzerland) 10 (5): 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10050623.
Lin, Y. C., H. C. Huang, and C. C. Yeh. 2014. “Inequality-growth nexus along the development process.” Stud. Nonlinear Dyn. Econom. 18 (3): 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1515/snde-2012-0037.
Luthy, R. G., J. M. Wolfand, and J. L. Bradshaw. 2020. “Urban water revolution: Sustainable water futures for California cities.” J. Environ. Eng. 146 (7): 04020065. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001715.
Mala-Jetmarova, H., N. Sultanova, and D. Savic. 2018. “Lost in optimisation of water distribution systems? A literature review of system design.” Water 10 (3): 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10030307.
Maroneze, M. M., L. Q. Zepka, J. G. Vieira, M. I. Queiroz, and E. Jacob-Lopes. 2014. “A tecnologia de remoção de fósforo: Gerenciamento do elemento em resíduos industriais.” Revista Ambiente e Agua 9 (3): 445–458. https://doi.org/10.4136/1980-993X.
McDonald, R. I., P. Green, D. Balk, B. M. Fekete, C. Revenga, M. Todd, and M. Montgomery. 2011. “Urban growth, climate change, and freshwater availability.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (15): 6312–6317. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011615108.
Mechlem, K. 2016. “Groundwater governance: The role of legal frameworks at the local and national level-established practice and emerging trends.” Water (Switzerland) 8 (8): 347. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080347.
Meng, C., X. Wang, and Y. Li. 2018. “An optimization model for water management based on water resources and environmental carrying capacities: A case study of the Yinma River Basin, Northeast China.” Water (Switzerland) 10 (5): 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10050565.
Miao, H., D. Li, Q. Zuo, L. Yu, X. Fei, and L. Hao. 2019. “A scenario-based optimization model for planning sustainable water-resources process management under uncertainty.” Processes 7 (5): 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7050312.
Mielby, S., and P. B. E. Sandersen. 2017. “Development of a 3D geological/hydrogeological model targeted at sustainable management of the urban water cycle in Odense City, Denmark.” Procedia Eng. 209: 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.11.132.
Misra, A. K., M. Masoodi, R. P. Poyil, and N. K. Tewari. 2018. “Water demand and waste management with respect to projected urban growth of Gurugram city in Haryana.” Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 7 (3): 336–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2018.03.003.
Molle, F., E. López-Gunn, and F. van Steenbergen. 2018. “The local and national politics of groundwater overexploitation.” Water Altern. 11 (3): 445–457.
Morley, M., and D. Savić. 2020. “Water resource systems analysis for water scarcity management: The Thames water case study.” Water (Switzerland) 12 (6): 1761. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061761.
Moss, T. 2003. “Utilities, land-use change, and urban development: Brownfield sites as ‘cold-spots’ of infrastructure networks in Berlin.” Environ. Plann. A 35 (3): 511–529. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3548.
Newman, J. P., G. C. Dandy, and H. R. Maier. 2014. “Multiobjective optimization of cluster-scale urban water systems investigating alternative water sources and level of decentralization.” Water Resour. Res. 50 (10): 7915–7938. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR015233.
Nieuwenhuis, E., E. Cuppen, J. Langeveld, and H. de Bruijn. 2021. “Towards the integrated management of urban water systems: Conceptualizing integration and its uncertainties.” J. Cleaner Prod. 280 (Part 1): 124977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124977.
Noiva, K., J. E. Fernández, and J. L. Wescoat. 2016. “Cluster analysis of urban water supply and demand: Toward large-scale comparative sustainability planning.” Sustainable Cities Soc. 27 (Nov): 484–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.06.003.
Nunes, R. T. S., J. H. A. Prodanoff, B. Nunes, and M. A. V. Freitas. 2011. “Incorporating water sensitive urban design (WSUD) practices into the planning context: The conceptual case for lot-scale developments.” Trans. Ecol. Environ. 167: 1743–3541. https://doi.org/10.2495/ST110311.
O’Donnell, E. C., N. R. Netusil, F. K. S. Chan, N. J. Dolman, and S. N. Gosling. 2021. “International perceptions of urban blue-green infrastructure: A comparison across four cities.” Water (Switzerland) 13 (4): 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13040544.
Özerol, G., N. Dolman, H. Bormann, H. Bressers, K. Lulofs, and M. Böge. 2020. “Urban water management and climate change adaptation: A self-assessment study by seven midsize cities in the North Sea Region.” Sustainable Cities Soc. 55 (Apr): 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102066.
Pacheco, E., and A. Finotti. 2014. “Interfaces between traditional urban drainage systems and water resources: Case study—Rio Tavares and Morro das Pedras watersheds, Florianópolis, Brazil.” WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 182: 187–199. https://doi.org/10.2495/WP140171.
Phan, T. D., E. Bertone, and R. A. Stewart. 2021. “Critical review of system dynamics modelling applications for water resources planning and management.” Cleaner Environ. Syst. 2 (Jun): 100031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2021.100031.
Pincetl, S., E. Porse, K. B. Mika, E. Litvak, K. F. Manago, T. S. Hogue, T. Gillespie, D. E. Pataki, and M. Gold. 2019. “Adapting urban water systems to manage scarcity in the 21st century: The case of Los Angeles.” Environ. Manage. 63 (3): 293–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1118-2.
Prakash, A. 2014. “The Periurban water security problem: A case study of Hyderabad in Southern India.” Water Policy 16 (3): 454–469. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.140.
Pulido-Velázquez, M., J. Andreu, and A. Sahuquillo. 2006. “Economic optimization of conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater at the basin scale.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 132 (6): 454–467. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2006)132:6(454).
Rathnayaka, K., H. Malano, and M. Arora. 2016. “Assessment of sustainability of urban water supply and demand management options: A comprehensive approach.” Water 8 (12): 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8120595.
Rayens, M. K., and E. J. Hahn. 2000. “Building consensus using the policy Delphi method.” Policy Polit. Nursing Pract. 1 (4): 308–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/152715440000100409.
Rinaudo, J. D., M. Montginoul, M. Varanda, and S. Bento. 2012. “Envisioning innovative groundwater regulation policies through scenario workshops in France and Portugal.” Supplement, Irrig. Drain. 61 (S1): 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.1661.
Rodríguez, M. I., M. M. Cuevas, G. Martínez, and B. Moreno. 2014. “Planning criteria for water sensitive urban design.” WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 191: 1579–1591. https://doi.org/10.2495/SC141342.
Roefs, I., B. Meulman, J. H. G. Vreeburg, and M. Spiller. 2017. “Centralised, decentralised or hybrid sanitation systems? Economic evaluation under urban development uncertainty and phased expansion.” Water Res. 109 (Feb): 274–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.051.
Rogers, B. C., et al. 2020. “Water sensitive cities index: A diagnostic tool to assess water sensitivity and guide management actions.” Water Res. 186 (Nov): 116411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116411.
Rohr, H. E., and W. Fourie. 2014. “Securing water sustainability through innovative spatial planning.” WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 191: 283–293. https://doi.org/10.2495/SC140241.
Rowe, G., and G. Wright. 1999. “The Delphi technique as a forecasting tool: Issues and analysis.” Int. J. Forecasting 15 (4): 353–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2070(99)00018-7.
Sapkota, M., M. Arora, H. Malano, M. Moglia, A. Sharma, B. George, and F. Pamminger. 2015. “An overview of hybrid water supply systems in the context of urban water management: Challenges and opportunities.” Water 7 (12): 153–174. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7010153.
Scholten, L., M. Maurer, and J. Lienert. 2017. “Comparing multi-criteria decision analysis and integrated assessment to support long-term water supply planning.” PLoS One 12 (5): e0176663. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176663.
Schuetze, T., and L. Chelleri. 2013. “Integrating decentralized rainwater management in urban planning and design: Flood resilient and sustainable water management using the example of coastal cities in The Netherlands and Taiwan.” Water (Switzerland) 5 (2): 593–616. https://doi.org/10.3390/w5020593.
Shabani, M., N. S. Gharneh, and S. T. A. Niaki. 2020. “Planning for urban water supply-demand portfolio using a hybrid robust stochastic optimization approach.” Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply 20 (8): 3433–3448. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.257.
Shabani, M., N. Shams Gharneh, and S. T. Akhavan Niaki. 2021. “A sustainable urban water management model under uncertainty: A case study.” Manage. Environ. Qual. Int. J. 32 (2): 376–397. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-09-2020-0187.
Shandas, V., R. Lehman, K. L. Larson, J. Bunn, and H. Chang. 2015. “Stressors and strategies for managing Urban water scarcity: Perspectives from the field.” Water (Switzerland) 7 (12): 6775–6787. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7126659.
Shandas, V., and G. H. Parandvash. 2010. “Integrating urban form and demographics in water-demand management: An empirical case study of Portland, Oregon.” Environ. Plann. B: Plann. Des. 37 (1): 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1068/b35036.
Silva, S. P., and B. A. N. Teixeira. 2019. “Modelling system dynamics to evaluate urban water supply management and production of future scenarios.” J. Urban Environ. Eng. 13 (2): 317–328. https://doi.org/10.4090/juee.2019.v13n2.317328.
Sinha, R. C., S. Sarkar, and N. R. Mandal. 2018. “Development of quality indicators for multi-family residential buildings in India—A Delphi analysis.” Int. J. Sustainable Soc. 10 (2): 96–122. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSOC.2018.094500.
Siska, E. M., and K. Takara. 2015. “Achieving water security in global change: Dealing with associated risk in water investment.” Procedia Environ. Sci. 28: 743–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.087.
Snider, B., and E. A. McBean. 2020. “Improving urban water security through pipe-break prediction models: Machine learning or survival analysis.” J. Environ. Eng. 146 (3): 04019129. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001657.
Song, P., C. Wang, W. Zhang, W. Liu, J. Sun, X. Wang, X. Lei, and H. Wang. 2020. “Urban multi-source water supply in China: Variation tendency, modeling methods and challenges.” Water 12 (4): 1199. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041199.
Touch, T., C. Oeurng, Y. Jiang, and A. Mokhtar. 2020. “Integrated modeling of water supply and demand under climate change impacts and management options in tributary Basin of Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia.” Water (Switzerland) 12 (9): 2462. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092462.
Ulian, G., I. Cartes, and M. M. C. Lemos Lima. 2017. “Water management assessment methodology for urban planning.” Ambiente & Água-Interdiscip. J. Appl. Sci. 12 (1): 33–46. https://doi.org/10.4136/1980-993X.
United Nations Development Programme. 2006. Human development report 2006: Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
UN Water. 2007. Coping with water scarcity—Challenge of the twenty-first century. Geneva: UN-Water.
van den Brandeler, F., J. Gupta, and M. Hordijk. 2019. “Megacities and rivers: Scalar mismatches between urban water management and river basin management.” J. Hydrol. 573 (Jun): 1067–1074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.01.001.
van der Steen, P., and C. Howe. 2009. “Managing water in the city of the future; Strategic planning and science.” Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 8 (2): 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-009-9154-2.
van Schaik, M. O., S. Sucu, H. J. Cappon, W. S. Chen, D. B. Martinson, D. Ouelhadj, and H. H. M. Rijnaarts. 2021. “Mathematically formulated key performance indicators for design and evaluation of treatment trains for resource recovery from urban wastewater.” J. Environ. Manage. 282 (Mar): 111916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111916.
Varouchakis, E. A., K. Yetilmezsoy, and G. P. Karatzas. 2019. “A decision-making framework for sustainable management of groundwater resources under uncertainty: Combination of Bayesian risk approach and statistical tools.” Water Policy 21 (3): 602–622. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.128.
Vörösmarty, C. J., et al. 2010. “Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity.” Nature 467 (7315): 555–561. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09440.
Wallace, S., T. Biggs, C. T. Lai, and H. McMillan. 2021. “Tracing sources of stormflow and groundwater recharge in an urban, semi-arid watershed using stable isotopes.” J. Hydrol.: Reg. Stud. 34 (Apr): 100806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100806.
Walsh, C. L., S. Blenkinsop, H. J. Fowler, A. Burton, R. J. Dawson, V. Glenis, L. J. Manning, G. Jahanshahi, and C. G. Kilsby. 2016. “Adaptation of water resource systems to an uncertain future.” Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 20 (5): 1869–1884. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1869-2016.
Wang, J., B. Hou, D. Jiang, W. Xiao, Y. Wu, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhou, C. Guo, and G. Wang. 2016. “Optimal allocation of water resources based on water supply security.” Water (Switzerland) 8 (6): 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8060237.
Wang, J., F. Xue, R. Jing, Q. Lu, Y. Huang, X. Sun, and W. Zhu. 2021. “Regenerating sponge city to sponge watershed through an innovative framework for urban water resilience.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 13 (10): 5358. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105358.
Wu, X., Y. Zheng, B. Wu, Y. Tian, F. Han, and C. Zheng. 2015. “Optimizing conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater for irrigation to address human-nature water conflicts: A surrogate modeling approach.” Agric. Water Manage. 163 (Jan): 380–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.08.022.
WWDR. 2012. Overview of key messages managing water under uncertainty and risk Part 1: Recognizing the centrality of water and its global dimensions. Paris: UNESCO.
WWDR. 2021. Valuing water. Perugia, Italy: World Water Assessment Programme.
Xia, J., B. Qiu, and Y. Li. 2012. “Water resources vulnerability and adaptive management in the Huang, Huai and Hai river basins of China.” Water Int. 37 (5): 523–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2012.724649.
Xu, Y., W. Li, and X. Ding. 2017. “A stochastic multi-objective chance-constrained programming model for water supply management in Xiaoqing River watershed.” Water (Switzerland) 9 (6): 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060378.
Xu, Z., L. Yao, and X. Chen. 2020. “Urban water supply system optimization and planning: Bi-objective optimization and system dynamics methods.” Comput. Ind. Eng. 142 (Apr): 106373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2020.106373.
Yalçintaş, M., M. Bulu, M. Küçükvar, and H. Samadi. 2015. “A framework for sustainable urban water management through demand and supply forecasting: The case of Istanbul.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 7 (8): 11050–11067. https://doi.org/10.3390/su70811050.
Zeleňáková, M., D. C. Diaconu, and K. Haarstad. 2017. “Urban water retention measures.” Procedia Eng. 190: 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.358.
Zhang, J., D. Fu, Y. Wang, and R. P. Singh. 2017. “Detailed Sponge City planning based on hierarchical fuzzy decision-making: A case study on Yangchen Lake.” Water (Switzerland) 9 (11): 903. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9110903.
Zhou, C., and Y. Wu. 2020. “A planning support tool for layout integral optimization of urban blue-green infrastructure.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 12 (4): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041613.
Zhou, X., F. Wang, K. Huang, H. Zhang, J. Yu, and A. Y. Han. 2021. “System dynamics-multiple objective optimization model for water resource management: A case study in Jiaxing City, China.” Water (Switzerland) 13 (5): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050671.
Zhou, Z., L. Qu, and T. Zou. 2015. “Quantitative analysis of urban pluvial flood alleviation by open surface water systems in New Towns: Comparing Almere and Tianjin Eco-City.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 7 (10): 13378–13398. https://doi.org/10.3390/su71013378.
Zischg, J., W. Rauch, and R. Sitzenfrei. 2018. “Morphogenesis of urban water distribution networks: A spatiotemporal planning approach for cost-efficient and reliable supply.” Entropy (Basel) 20 (9): 708. https://doi.org/10.3390/e20090708.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 3 • March 2023
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 18, 2022
Accepted: Oct 19, 2022
Published online: Dec 19, 2022
Published in print: Mar 1, 2023
Discussion open until: May 19, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.