Effect of Punched-Hole Electrodes on the Performance of Electrocoagulation
Publication: Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 28, Issue 2
Abstract
Textile industries are water intensive and the effluent generated contains salts, dyes, and heavy metals as well as having a high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), therefore it must be treated before being discharged into the aquatic environment to prevent its contamination. Electrocoagulation (EC) is a promising technique to treat domestic and industrial effluent, where in situ coagulants are produced by sacrificial dissolution of the anode by application of an electric current across the electrodes. The effect of punched-hole electrodes on the performance of EC—color removal efficiency (CRE), electrical energy consumption (EEC), and operating cost (OC)—was studied by varying the number and diameter of holes in the electrode. It was observed that the use of punched electrodes resulted in higher CRE, lower EEC, and lower OC as compared with plane electrodes. The difference in CRE obtained using plane and punched electrodes was found to increase with an increase in current. The effect of punched-hole electrodes on the treatment of real dye effluent was studied and COD removal of 78.79% was obtained using punched-hole electrodes as compared with 69.30% using plane electrodes. The EEC and the OC were found to be 0.5 kW·h/m3 and US$0.424/m3, respectively, for punched-hole electrodes.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the research facilities provided by the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi to carry out present research.
Author Contributions: Vinod Kumar Jaiswar: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing—original draft. Anil K. Saroha: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Supervision, Resources, Writing—review & editing.
References
Ahmad, A., M. Priyadarshini, I. Das, M. M. Ghangrekar, and R. Y. Surampalli. 2023. “Surfactant aided electrocoagulation/flotation using punched electrodes for the remediation of salicylic acid from wastewater.” J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 11 (1): 109049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.109049.
Das, P. P., M. Sharma, and M. K. Purkait. 2022. “Recent progress on electrocoagulation process for wastewater treatment: A review.” Sep. Purif. Technol. 292: 121058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121058.
Deniz, S. 2023. “Efficient and environmentally friendly removal of azo textile dye using a low-cost adsorbent: Kinetic and reuse studies with application to textile effluent.” Mater. Today Commun. 35: 106433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.106433.
Dias, O. A., E. P. Muniz, and P. S. Da Silva Porto. 2019. “Electrocoagulation using perforated electrodes: An increase in metalworking fluid removal from wastewater.” Chem. Eng. Process. 139: 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2019.03.021.
Dires, T., and A. K. Saroha. 2022. “Electrocoagulation: Operational parameters, sludge & economic analysis.” Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2022.2085041.
Ghaly, A., R. Ananthashankar, M. Alhattab, and V. Ramakrishnan. 2014. “Production, characterization and treatment of textile effluents: A critical review.” J. Chem. Eng. Process Technol. 5: 1. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7048.1000182.
Gizaw, B. A., and N. G. Habtu. 2022. “Catalytic wet air oxidation of azo dye (reactive red 2) over copper oxide loaded activated carbon catalyst.” J. Water Process Eng. 48: 102797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102797.
Hashim, K. S., et al. 2018. “Removal of phosphate from river water using a new baffle plates electrochemical reactor.” MethodsX 5: 1413–1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2018.10.024.
Holkar, C. R., A. J. Jadhav, D. V. Pinjari, N. M. Mahamuni, and A. B. Pandit. 2016. “A critical review on textile wastewater treatments: Possible approaches.” J. Environ. Manage. 182: 351–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.090.
Hussin, F., F. Abnisa, G. Issabayeva, and M. K. Aroua. 2017. “Removal of lead by solar-photovoltaic electrocoagulation using novel perforated zinc electrode.” J. Cleaner Prod. 147: 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.096.
Johari, N. A., and N. Yusof. 2022. “Performance of mixed matrix ultrafiltration membrane for textile wastewater treatment.” Mater. Today Proc. 65: 3015–3019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.579.
Karam, A., E. S. Bakhoum, and K. Zaher. 2020. “Coagulation/flocculation process for textile mill effluent treatment: Experimental and numerical perspectives.” Int. J. Sustainable Eng. 14 (5): 983–995. https://doi.org/10.1080/19397038.2020.1842547.
Kehinde, F., and H. A. Aziz. 2014. “Textile waste water and the advanced oxidative treatment process, an overview.” Int. J. Innovative Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 3 (8): 15310–15317. https://doi.org/10.15680/ijirset.2014.0308034.
Khandegar, V., and A. K. Saroha. 2013. “Electrocoagulation for the treatment of textile industry effluent – A review.” J. Environ. Manage. 128: 949–963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.06.043.
Khandegar, V., and A. K. Saroha. 2016. “Effect of electrode shape and current source on performance of electrocoagulation.” J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste 20 (1): 06015001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000278.
Kuroda, Y., Y. Kawada, T. Takahashi, Y. Ehara, T. Ito, A. Zukeran, Y. Kono, and K. Yasumoto. 2003. “Effect of electrode shape on discharge current and performance with barrier discharge type electrostatic precipitator.” J. Electrostat. 57 (3–4): 407–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3886(02)00177-8.
Mahmood, R. T., M. J. Asad, S. H. Hadri, M. A. El-Shorbagy, A. a. A. Mousa, R. Dara, M. Awais, and I. Tlili. 2022. “Bioremediation of textile industrial effluents by Fomitopsis pinicola IEBL-4 for environmental sustainability.” Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 29 (2): 285–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2022.2057277.
Manekar, P., G. Patkar, P. Aswale, M. Mahure, and T. Nandy. 2014. “Detoxifying of high strength textile effluent through chemical and bio-oxidation processes.” Bioresour. Technol. 157: 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.046.
Markandeya, N., S. P. Shukla, N. Dhiman, D. Mohan, G. C. Kisku, and S. K. Roy. 2017. “An efficient removal of disperse dye from wastewater using zeolite synthesized from cenospheres.” J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste 21 (4): 04017017. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000369.
Marszałek, J., and R. Żyłła. 2021. “Recovery of water from textile dyeing using membrane filtration processes.” Processes 9 (10): 1833. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9101833.
Mehdipoor, M., and S. M. Moosavirad. 2020. “Effect of holed ferrum electrodes (HFE) on the efficiency of the electrocoagulation process for copper recovery and optimization of parameters, using RSM.” Hydrometallurgy 194: 105313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105313.
Mook, W., M. K. Aroua, and M. Szlachta. 2017. “The application of iron mesh double layer as anode for the electrochemical treatment of Reactive Black 5 dye.” J. Environ. Sci. China 54: 184–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.02.003.
Mouedhen, G., M. Feki, W. M. De Petris, and H. Ayedi. 2008. “Behaviour of aluminum electrodes in electrocoagulation process.” J. Hazard. Mater. 150 (1): 124–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.04.090.
Negash, A., D. Tibebe, M. Mulugeta, and Y. Kassa. 2023. “A study of basic and reactive dyes removal from synthetic and industrial wastewater by electrocoagulation process.” S. Afr. J. Chem. Eng. 46: 122–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2023.07.015.
Nidheesh, P. V., M. Zhou, and M. A. Oturan. 2018. “An overview on the removal of synthetic dyes from water by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes.” Chemosphere 197: 210–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.195.
Pathak, A., V. Khandegar, and A. Kumar. 2021. “Removal of acid violet 17 by electrocoagulation using plane and extended surface electrodes.” J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste 25 (3): 06021002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000605.
Rice, E. W., and L. Bridgewater. 2012. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, American Water Work Association, Water Environment Federation.
Sahu, O., B. Mazumdar, and P. K. Chaudhari. 2014. “Treatment of wastewater by electrocoagulation: A review.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 21 (4): 2397–2413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2208-6.
Sethulekshmi, S., and S. Chakraborty. 2021. “Textile wastewater treatment using horizontal flow constructed wetland and effect of length of flow in operation efficiency.” J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9 (6): 106379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106379.
Solayman, H. M., M. A. Hossen, A. A. Aziz, N. Y. Yahya, K. H. Leong, L. C. Sim, M. U. Monir, and K. D. Zoh. 2023. “Performance evaluations of dye wastewater treatment technologies: A review.” J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 11 (3): 109610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.109610.
Tanveer, R., A. Yasar, A. Tabinda, A. Ikhlaq, H. Nissar, and A. Nizami. 2022. “Comparison of ozonation, Fenton, and photo-Fenton processes for the treatment of textile dye-bath effluents integrated with electrocoagulation.” J. Water Process Eng. 46: 102547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102547.
Yaseen, D. A., and M. Scholz. 2019. “Textile dye wastewater characteristics and constituents of synthetic effluents: A critical review.” Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16 (2): 1193–1226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2130-z.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 28 • Issue 2 • April 2024
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 31, 2023
Accepted: Sep 19, 2023
Published online: Nov 29, 2023
Published in print: Apr 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Apr 29, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Business management
- Chemical processes
- Chemistry
- Coagulation
- Effluents
- Electric power
- Energy engineering
- Environmental engineering
- Hydrologic engineering
- Industries
- Organizations
- Oxygen demand
- Pollution
- Practice and Profession
- Salt water
- Water (by type)
- Water and water resources
- Water discharge
- Water management
- Water pollution
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.