Effects of Principal Strain Direction and Intermediate Principal Strain on Undrained Shear Behavior of Sand
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 7
Abstract
Anisotropic characteristics of granular soil consolidated to various initial stress states were evaluated under generalized strain paths using hollow cylinder torsional shear tests. Fraser River sand samples prepared by water pluviation were subjected to isotropic and anisotropic consolidation stresses, and sheared undrained along strain paths with constant intermediate principal strain parameter and various principal strain directions. Anisotropic stress response and stress-strain trends were examined by controlling the orientation of principal strains () with respect to the depositional axis. A decrease in strain hardening tendency is observed as the major principal strain rotates towards the bedding plane. Considering different levels of anisotropic consolidation stresses also allowed a detailed examination of how initial static shear affects the responses. In particular, generated principal stresses and their directions, as well as the pore pressure responses, were closely examined. Novel findings are presented on the range of intermediate principal stress parameters () associated with the undrained plane strain condition where a value of in the range of 0.2–0.4 was found to correspond to plane strain conditions.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canada Foundation for Innovation, and the Ontario Innovation Trust. Financial support was provided to the first author by Carleton University, and the technical assistance of Pierre Trudel, and Jason Arnott is gratefully acknowledged. We further thank Dr. Gertraud Medicus for the open-source MATLAB code for M-N surface uploaded on the SoilModels.com webpage.
References
Aaron, J., O. Hungr, T. D. Stark, and A. K. Baghdady. 2017. “Oso, Washington, landslide of March 22, 2014: Dynamic analysis.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (9): 05017005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001748.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer. ASTM D854-14. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016a. Standard test methods for maximum index density and unit weight of soils using a vibratory table. ASTM D4253-16e1. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016b. Standard test methods for minimum index density and unit weight of soils and calculation of relative density. ASTM D4254-16. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Cai, Y. 2010. “An experimental study of non-coaxial soil behaviour using hollow cylinder testing.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Nottingham.
Chiaro, G., J. Koseki, and T. Sato. 2012. “Effects of initial static shear on liquefaction and large deformation properties of loose saturated Toyoura sand in undrained cyclic torsional shear tests.” Soils Found. 52 (3): 498–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.05.008.
Darve, F., and F. Nicot. 2005. “On incremental non-linearity in granular media: Phenomenological and multi-scale views (part I).” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 29 (14): 1387–1409. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.466.
El-Sohby, M. A., and K. Z. Andrawes. 1972. “Deformation characteristics of granular materials under hydrostatic compression.” Can. Geotech. J. 9 (4): 338–350. https://doi.org/10.1139/t72-038.
Ergun, M. U. 1981. “Evaluation of three-dimensional shear testing.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 593–596. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Griffiths, D., and J. Huang. 2009. “Observations on the extended Matsuoka-Nakai failure criterion.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 33 (17): 1889–1905. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.810.
Guo, N., and J. Zhao. 2013. “The signature of shear-induced anisotropy in granular media.” Comput. Geotech. 47 (Jan): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.07.002.
Gutierrez, M., and K. Ishihara. 2000. “Non-coaxiality and energy dissipation in granular materials.” Soils Found. 40 (2): 49–59. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.40.2_49.
Gutierrez, M., K. Ishihara, and I. Towhata. 1991. “Flow theory for sand during rotation of principal stress direction.” Soils Found. 31 (4): 121–132. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.31.4_121.
Harder, L., Jr., and R. Boulanger. 1997. Application of and correction factors. Buffalo, NY: National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
Haruyama, M. 1981. “Anisotropic deformation-strength characteristics of an assembly of spherical particles under three dimensional stresses.” Soils Found. 21 (4): 41–55. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.21.4_41.
Hashiguchi, K. 1998. “The tangential plasticity.” Met. Mater. 4 (4): 652–656. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03026374.
Hashiguchi, K., and S. Tsutsumi. 2001. “Elastoplastic constitutive equation with tangential stress rate effect.” Int. J. Plast. 17 (1): 117–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-6419(00)00021-8.
Ishihara, K. 1993. “Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes.” Géotechnique 43 (3): 351–451. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1993.43.3.351.
Kramer, S. L., and H. B. Seed. 1988. “Initiation of soil liquefaction under static loading conditions.” J. Geotech. Eng. 114 (4): 412–430. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1988)114:4(412).
Lade, P. V., and J. M. Duncan. 1975. “Elastoplastic stress-strain theory for cohesionless soil.” J. Geotech. Eng. 101 (10): 1037–1053. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000204.
Lade, P. V., J. Nam, and W. P. Hong. 2009. “Interpretation of strains in torsion shear tests.” Comput. Geotech. 36 (1–2): 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.02.001.
Lade, P. V., and L. B. Ibsen. 1997. “A study of the phase transformation and the characteristic lines of sand behaviour.” In Vol. 12 of Proc., Int. Symp. on Deformation and Progressive Failure in Geomechanics, Nagoya, Japan, 353–359. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Logeswaran, P. 2010. “Behaviour of sands under generalized loading and drainage conditions.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton Univ.
Logeswaran, P., and S. Sivathayalan. 2014. “A new hollow cylinder torsional shear device for stress/strain path controlled loading.” Geotech. Test. J. 37 (1): 20120202. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20120202.
Matsuoka, H., and T. Nakai. 1974. “Stress-deformation and strength characteristics of soil under three different principal stresses.” In Vol. 232 of Proc., Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 59–70. Tokyo: Japan Society of Civil Engineers.
Nova, R., and D. M. Wood. 1982. “A constitutive model for soil under monotonic and cyclic loading.” In Soil mechanics-transient and cyclic loading, 343–373. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Ochiai, H., and P. V. Lade. 1983. “Three-dimensional behavior of sand with anisotropic fabric.” J. Geotech. Eng. 109 (10): 1313–1328. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:10(1313).
Oda, M. 1972a. “Initial fabrics and their relations to mechanical properties of granular material.” Soils Found. 12 (1): 17–36. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1960.12.17.
Oda, M. 1972b. “The mechanism of fabric changes during compressional deformation of sand.” Soils Found. 12 (2): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.12.1.
Oda, M. 1993. “Inherent and induced anisotropy in plasticity theory of granular soils.” Mech. Mater. 16 (1–2): 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(93)90025-M.
Pan, K., and Z. X. Yang. 2018. “Effects of initial static shear on cyclic resistance and pore pressure generation of saturated sand.” Acta Geotech. 13 (2): 473–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-017-0614-5.
Pouragha, M. 2022. “What controls fabric: A correlation analysis for contact fabric evolution in granular media.” J. Eng. Mech. 148 (1): 04021121. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0002041.
Pouragha, M., N. P. Kruyt, and R. Wan. 2021. “Non-coaxial plastic flow of granular materials through stress probing analysis.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 222–223 (Jul): 111015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.03.002.
Pouragha, M., and R. Wan. 2017. “Non-dissipative structural evolutions in granular materials within the small strain range.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 110–111 (Apr): 94–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2017.01.039.
Pouragha, M., and R. Wan. 2018. “On elastic deformations and decomposition of strain in granular media.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 138 (May): 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.01.002.
Pradel, D., and A. Lobbestyael, eds. 2021. Edenville and Sanford dam failures: Field reconnaissance report. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Pradhan, T. B., F. Tatsuoka, and N. Horii. 1988. “Simple shear testing on sand in a torsional shear apparatus.” Soils Found. 28 (2): 95–112. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.28.2_95.
Prasanna, R., N. Sinthujan, and S. Sivathayalan. 2020. “Effects of initial direction and subsequent rotation of principal stresses on liquefaction potential of loose sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146 (3): 04019130. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002182.
Ramamurthy, T., and P. C. Rawat. 1973. “Shear strength of sand under general stress system.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 339–342. Moscow: E Des Comptes Rendus du Comite d'Organisation du.
Rodriguez, N. M., and P. V. Lade. 2014. “Non-coaxiality of strain increment and stress directions in cross-anisotropic sand.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 51 (5): 1103–1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2013.12.003.
Roscoe, K. H. 1970. “The influence of strains in soil mechanics.” Géotechnique 20 (2): 129–170. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1970.20.2.129.
Rudnicki, J. W., and J. Rice. 1975. “Conditions for the localization of deformation in pressure-sensitive dilatant materials.” J. Mech. Phys. Solids 23 (6): 371–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(75)90001-0.
Rycroft, C. H., K. Kamrin, and M. Z. Bazant. 2009. “Assessing continuum postulates in simulations of granular flow.” J. Mech. Phys. Solids 57 (5): 828–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2009.01.009.
Sadrekarimi, A. 2016. “Static liquefaction analysis considering principal stress directions and anisotropy.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 34 (4): 1135–1154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-016-0033-7.
Sayao, A., and Y. P. Vaid. 1996. “Effect of intermediate principal stress on the deformation response of sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 33 (5): 822–828. https://doi.org/10.1139/t96-108-328.
Shankariah, B., and T. Ramamurthy. 1980. “Strength and deformation behaviour of sand under general stress system.” In Vol. 6 of Proc., 3rd Australia-New Zealand Conf. on Geomechanics. Wellington, New Zealand: Institution of Professional Engineers.
Shibuya, S. 1985. “Undrained behaviour of granular materials under principal stress rotation.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London.
Simo, J., and J. Ju. 1987. “Strain-and stress-based continuum damage models—I. Formulation.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 23 (7): 821–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(87)90083-7.
Sivathayalan, S. 2000. “Fabric, initial state and stress path effects on liquefaction susceptibility of sands.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia.
Sivathayalan, S., and D. Ha. 2011. “Effect of static shear stress on the cyclic resistance of sands in simple shear loading.” Can. Geotech. J. 48 (10): 1471–1484. https://doi.org/10.1139/t11-056.
Sivathayalan, S., P. Logeswaran, and V. Manmatharajan. 2015. “Cyclic resistance of a loose sand subjected to rotation of principal stresses.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 141 (3): 04014113. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001250.
Sivathayalan, S., and Y. P. Vaid. 1998. “Truly undrained response of granular soils with no membrane-penetration effects.” Can. Geotech. J. 35 (5): 730–739. https://doi.org/10.1139/t98-048.
Sivathayalan, S., and Y. P. Vaid. 2002. “Influence of generalized initial state and principal stress rotation on the undrained response of sands.” Can. Geotech. J. 39 (1): 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1139/t01-078.
Skempton, A. W. 1960. “The pore-pressure coefficient in saturated soils.” Geotechnique 10 (4): 186–187. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1960.10.4.186.
Sutherland, H. B., and M. S. Mesdary. 1969. “The influence of the intermediate principal stress on the strength of sand.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 391–399. London: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Sze, H. Y., and J. Yang. 2014. “Failure modes of sand in undrained cyclic loading: Impact of sample preparation.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 140 (1): 152–169. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000971.
Tastan, E. O., and J. A. H. Carraro. 2022. “Effect of principal stress rotation and intermediate principal stress changes on the liquefaction resistance and undrained cyclic response of Ottawa sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 148 (5): 04022015. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002772.
Towhata, I., and K. Ishihara. 1985. “Undrained strength of sand undergoing cyclic rotation of principal stress axes.” Soils Found. 25 (2): 135–147. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.25.2_135.
Uthayakumar, M., and Y. P. Vaid. 1998. “Static liquefaction of sands under multiaxial loading.” Can. Geotech. J. 35 (2): 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1139/t98-007.
Vaid, Y. P., and J. C. Chern. 1985. “Cyclic and monotonic undrained response of saturated sands.” In Advances in the art of testing soils under cyclic conditions, 120–147. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Vaid, Y. P., and W. D. L. Finn. 1979. “Static shear and liquefaction potential.” J. Geotech. Eng. 105 (10): 1233–1246. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000868.
Vaid, Y. P., A. Sayao, E. Hou, and D. Negussey. 1990. “Generalized stress-path-dependent soil behaviour with a new hollow cylinder torsional apparatus.” Can. Geotech. J. 27 (5): 601–616. https://doi.org/10.1139/t90-075.
Vaid, Y. P., and S. Sivathayalan. 1996. “Static and cyclic liquefaction potential of Fraser Delta sand in simple shear and triaxial tests.” Can. Geotech. J. 33 (2): 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1139/t96-007.
Vaid, Y. P., and S. Sivathayalan. 2000. “Fundamental factors affecting liquefaction susceptibility of sands.” Can. Geotech. J. 37 (3): 592–606. https://doi.org/10.1139/t00-040.
Vaid, Y. P., S. Sivathayalan, and D. Stedman. 1999. “Influence of specimen-reconstituting method on the undrained response of sand.” Geotech. Test. J. 22 (3): 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11110J.
Vaid, Y. P., and J. Thomas. 1995. “Liquefaction and postliquefaction behavior of sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. 121 (2): 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1995)121:2(163).
Wan, R., and M. Pouragha. 2015. “Fabric and connectivity as field descriptors for deformations in granular media.” Continuum Mech. Thermodyn. 27 (1): 243–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00161-014-0370-9.
Wan, R. G., and P. J. Guo. 2004. “Stress dilatancy and fabric dependencies on sand behavior.” J. Eng. Mech. 130 (6): 635–645. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2004)130:6(635).
Wanatowski, D., and J. Chu. 2008. “Effect of specimen preparation method on the stress-strain behavior of sand in plane-strain compression tests.” Geotech. Test. J. 31 (4): 308–320. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ101307.
Wiebicke, M., E. Andò, G. Viggiani, and I. Herle. 2020. “Measuring the evolution of contact fabric in shear bands with X-ray tomography.” Acta Geotech. 15 (1): 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-019-00869-9.
Wong, R., and J. Arthur. 1985. “Induced and inherent anisotropy in sand.” Géotechnique 35 (4): 471–481. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1985.35.4.471.
Yamada, Y., and K. Ishihara. 1979. “Anisotropic deformation characteristics of sand under three dimensional stress conditions.” Soils Found. 19 (2): 79–94. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.19.2_79.
Yang, L. 2013. “Experimental study of soil anisotropy using hollow cylinder testing.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Nottingham.
Yoshimine, M., K. Ishihara, and W. Vargas. 1998. “Effects of principal stress direction and intermediate principal stress on undrained shear behavior of sand.” Soils Found. 38 (3): 179–188. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.38.3_179.
Yoshimine, M., R. Özay, A. Sezen, and A. Ansal. 1999. “Undrained plane strain shear tests on saturated sand using a hollow cylinder torsional shear apparatus.” Soils Found. 39 (2): 131–136. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.39.2_131.
Yu, H. S., and X. Yuan. 2006. “On a class of non-coaxial plasticity models for granular soils.” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 462 (2067): 725–748. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2005.1590.
Zhao, J., and N. Guo. 2013. “Unique critical state characteristics in granular media considering fabric anisotropy.” Géotechnique 63 (8): 695–704. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.12.P.040.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 7 • July 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 27, 2022
Accepted: Mar 3, 2023
Published online: Apr 28, 2023
Published in print: Jul 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Sep 28, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- R. Prasanna, S. Premnath, M. Pouragha, S. Sivathayalan, Experimental Assessment of Undrained Soil Behavior along Generalized Strain Paths, Geo-Congress 2024, 10.1061/9780784485309.009, (81-89), (2024).