Characterization of Steel Wire– and Carbon/Glass Hybrid Fiber–Reinforced Polymer Bars in Compression
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 27, Issue 5
Abstract
This paper reports on the compressive properties of a new steel wire– and carbon/glass hybrid fiber–reinforced polymer (S-CG HFRP) bar. The influence of the carbon and glass fiber volume proportion (Vc/Vg), steel wire replacement ratio (Vs), fiber volume ratio (Vf), fiber arrangement, and ratio of the unbraced length to the bar diameter (Lu/d) on the compressive behavior of the S-CG HFRP bars was experimentally investigated. The failure mechanisms were analyzed, revealing that the failure mode changed from fiber microbuckling to fiber macrobuckling with an increase in Lu/d. Adding steel wires resulted in a decrease in the compressive modulus of the S-CG HFRP bars. The compressive strength of the S-CG HFRP bars was not effectively improved by adding steel wires or carbon fibers and was governed by the Lu/d ratio. The results showed that the compressive modulus and strength of the S-CG HFRP bars were approximately 90% and 28% of their tensile modulus and strength, respectively. Finally, the relationship between the compressive and tensile properties of the S-CG HFRP bars was established. Simplified empirical equations were proposed to estimate the compressive strengths of S-CG HFRP bars with different Lu/d ratios.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51978629).
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- Eca
- elastic modulus of the carbon fiber (GPa);
- Ec
- compressive modulus of the S-CG HFRP bar (GPa);
- Eg
- elastic modulus of the glass fiber (GPa);
- Ep
- predicted modulus for the S-CG HFRP bar (GPa);
- Es
- elastic modulus of the steel wire (GPa);
- FA
- fiber arrangement;
- d
- bar diameter (mm);
- compressive strength of the S-CG HFRP bar during crushing (MPa);
- fc
- compressive strength of the S-CG HFRP bar (MPa);
- fc/ft
- compressive-to-tensile strength ratio;
- fc/fy
- compressive-to-yielding strength ratio;
- fpc
- predicted compressive strength of the S-CG HFRP bar (MPa);
- ft
- tensile strength of the S-CG HFRP bar (MPa);
- fy
- yielding strength of the S-CG HFRP bar (MPa);
- k
- effective length factor for buckling;
- LT
- total length of the specimen (mm);
- Lu
- unbraced bar length (mm);
- Lu/d
- unbraced length-to-bar diameter ratio;
- r
- gyration radius of the bar (mm);
- Vc
- volume fraction of the carbon fiber (%);
- Vc/Vg
- carbon/glass fiber ratio;
- Vf
- fiber volume fraction (%);
- Vg
- volume fraction of the glass fiber (%);
- Vs
- steel wire replacement ratio (%);
- α
- reduction factor;
- β
- modified factor;
- ɛg
- ultimate strain of the glass fiber;
- ɛs
- yield strain of the steel wire;
- ϕ
- correlation factor;
- ψ
- reduction factor; and
- φ
- reduction factor.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2015. Guide for the design and construction of structural concrete reinforced fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. ACI 440.1R-15. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Afifi, M. Z., H. M. Mohamed, and B. Benmokrane. 2014. “Axial capacity of circular concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and spirals.” J. Compos. Constr. 18 (1): 538–565. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000438.
Ahmed, E. A., B. Benmokrane, and M. Sansfacon. 2017. “Case study: Design, construction, and performance of the La Chancelière parking garage’s concrete flat slabs reinforced with GFRP bars.” J. Compos. Constr. 21 (1): 05016001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000656.
AlAjarmeh, O. S., A. C. Manalo, B. Benmokrane, W. Karunasena, and P. Mendis. 2019a. “Axial performance of hollow concrete columns reinforced with GFRP composite bars with different reinforcement ratios.” Compos. Struct. 213: 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.01.096.
AlAjarmeh, O. S., A. C. Manalo, B. Benmokrane, P. V. Vijay, and P. Mendis. 2019b. “Novel testing and characterization of GFRP bars in compression.” Constr. Build. Mater. 225: 1112–1126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.280.
Ali, N. M., X. Wang, and Z. Wu. 2014. “Integrated performance of FRP tendons with fiber hybridization.” J. Compos. Constr. 18 (3): A4013007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000427.
ASTM. 2015. Compressive properties of rigid plastics. ASTM D695-15. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016. Standard test method for tensile properties of fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite bars. ASTM D7205/D7205M-16. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Benmokrane, B., A. S. Bakouregui, H. M. Mohamed, D. Thébeau, and O. I. Abdelkarim. 2020. “Design, construction, and performance of continuously reinforced concrete pavement reinforced with GFRP bars: Case study.” J. Compos. Constr. 24 (5): 05020004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001064.
Benmokrane, B., C. Nazair, M. A. Loranger, and A. Manalo. 2018. “Field durability study of vinyl-ester-based GFRP rebars in concrete bridge barriers.” J. Bridge Eng. 23 (12): 04018094. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001315.
Bruun, E. 2014. “GFRP bars in structural design: Determining the compressive strength versus unbraced length interaction curve.” Can. Young Sci. J. 1: 22–29.
Chaallal, O., and B. Benmokrane. 1993. “Physical and mechanical performance of an innovative glass-fiber-reinforced plastic rod for concrete and grouted anchorages.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 20 (2): 254–268. https://doi.org/10.1139/l93-031.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2012. Design and construction of building structures with fibre reinforced polymers. CAN/CSA S806-12. Rexdale, ON, Canada: CSA.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2019. Canadian highway bridge design code. CSA S6-19. Mississauga, ON, Canada: CSA.
Czel, G., M. Jalalvand, M. R. Wisnom, and T. Czigany. 2017. “Design and characterisation of high performance, pseudo-ductile all-carbon/epoxy unidirectional hybrid composites.” Composites, Part B 111: 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.11.049.
Deitz, D. H., I. E. Harik, and H. Gesund. 2003. “Physical properties of glass fiber-reinforced polymer rebars in compression.” J. Compos. Constr. 7 (4): 363–366. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:4(363).
Elmessalami, N., A. E. Refai, and F. Abed. 2019. “Fiber-reinforced polymers bars for compression reinforcement: A promising alternative to steel bars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 209: 725–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.105.
Elsayed, T. A., A. M. Eidaly, and A. A. El-Hefnawy. 2011. “Behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with hybrid fiber reinforced bars.” Adv. Compos. Mater. 20: 245–259. https://doi.org/10.1163/092430410X547074.
fib (International Federation for Structural Concrete). 2007. FRP reinforcement in RC structures. fib Bulletin 40. Stuttgart, Germany: fib.
Gao, D. Y., Y. Zhang, D. Fang, C. Ding, H. H. Yan, and D. D. Ji. 2022a. “Compressive property analysis and strength versus slenderness ratio relation prediction for carbon/glass hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer bars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 317: 125955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125955.
Gao, D. Y., Y. Zhang, F. Z. Wen, D. Fang, Y. Y. Pang, J. Y. Tang, and Z. Q. Gu. 2022b. “Design method and experiment verification for hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer bars with both tensile ductility and different strength grades.” J. Build. Eng. 46: 103723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103723.
Gao, D. Y., Y. Zhang, F. Z. Wen, J. Y. Tang, F. Dong, Y. Y. Pang, and Y. M. Yan. 2022c. “Interlaminar shear durability and strength prediction model for hybrid fiber reinforced polymer bar.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 41 (23–24): 902–916. https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844221080579.
Hasan, H. A., M. N. Sheikh, and M. Hadi. 2017. “Performance evaluation of high strength concrete and steel fibre high strength concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and helices.” Constr. Build. Mater. 134: 297–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.124.
Jumahat, A., C. Soutis, F. Jones, and A. Hodzic. 2009. “Analysis of compression failure of unidirectional carbon fibre/toughened resin composites.” In Proc., 10th Conf. on Deformation and Fracture of Composites (DFC 10). Sheffield, UK: University of Sheffield, Kroto Research Institute.
Jumahat, A., C. Soutis, F. R. Jones, and A. Hodzic. 2010. “Fracture mechanisms and failure analysis of carbon fibre/toughened epoxy composites subjected to compressive loading.” Compos. Struct. 92 (2): 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.08.010.
Khan, Q. S., M. N. Sheikh, and M. Hadi. 2015. “Tension and compression testing of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars.” In Proc., 12th Int. Symp. on Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Reinforced Concrete Structures and 5th Asia-Pacific Conf. on Fiber-Reinforced Polymers in Structures. Nanjing: FRPRCS/APFIS.
Khorramian, K., and P. Sadeghian. 2017. “Experimental and analytical behavior of short concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars under eccentric loading.” Eng. Struct. 151: 761–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.08.064.
Khorramian, K., and P. Sadeghian. 2018. “New testing method of GFRP bars in compression.” In Proc., CSCE Annual Conf. Fredericton, NB: CSCE.
Khorramian, K., and P. Sadeghian. 2021. “Material characterization of GFRP bars in compression using a new test method.” J. Test. Eval. 49 (2): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20180873.
Kobayashi, K., and T. Fujisaki. 1995. “Compressive behavior of FRP reinforcement in non prestressed concrete members non metallic.” In Proc., 2nd Int. RILEM Symp. on FRP Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, 267–274. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Liu, Y., H. T. Zhang, H. H. Zhao, L. Lu, M. Y. Han, J. C. Wang, and S. Guan. 2021. “Experimental study on mechanical properties of novel FRP bars with hoop winding layer.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2021: 9554687.
Maranan, G. B., A. C. Manalo, B. Benmokrane, W. Karunasena, and P. Mendis. 2016. “Behavior of concentrically loaded geopolymer-concrete circular columns reinforced longitudinally and transversely with GFRP bars.” Eng. Struct. 117: 422–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.036.
Mohamed, H. M., M. Z. Afifi, and B. Benmokrane. 2014. “Performance evaluation of concrete columns reinforced longitudinally with FRP bars and confined with FRP hoops and spirals under axial load.” J. Bridge Eng. 19 (7): 04014020. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000590.
Mohamed, H. M., A. H. Ali, A. Hadhood, S. Mousa, and B. Benmokrane. 2020. “Testing, design, and field implementation of GFRP RC soft-eyes for tunnel construction.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 106: 103626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103626.
Sun, W., A. P. Vassilopoulos, and T. Keller. 2015. “Experimental investigation of kink initiation and kink band formation in unidirectional glass fiber-reinforced polymer specimens.” Compos. Struct. 130: 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.04.028.
Timoshenko, S. P., and J. N. Goodier. 1969. Theory of elasticity. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
Tobbi, H., A. S. Farghaly, and B. Benmokrane. 2012. “Concrete columns reinforced longitudinally and transversally with glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars.” ACI Struct. J. 109 (4): 551–558.
Twins, P. D. 1970. A compressive test specimen for unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced plastics. London, UK: Aeronautical Research Council.
Urbański, M. 2020. “Compressive strength of modified FRP hybrid bars.” Materials (Basel) 13 (8): 1898. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13081898.
Yang, S., and X. Xu. 2019. “Finite element analysis and influence factors of flexural behavior of HFRP reinforced concrete beams.” IOP Conf Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 267: 042113.
Zhang, T., and D. Y. Gao. 2023. “Tensile behavior analysis and prediction of steel fiber-reinforced-carbon/glass hybrid composite bars.” J. Build. Eng. 64: 105669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105669.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 27 • Issue 5 • October 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 1, 2022
Accepted: Apr 13, 2023
Published online: Jun 20, 2023
Published in print: Oct 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Nov 20, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.