Equivalent Vehicle Model Based on Traffic Flow of Long-Span Steel Box Girder Bridge
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 28, Issue 9
Abstract
Fatigue vehicle load is essential for fatigue analysis, whose accuracy is directly associated with fatigue design. With the development of society, traditional fatigue vehicle load may fail to reflect modern traffic conditions, especially for transportation hubs in developed areas. Based on traffic flow data of a long-span steel box girder bridge, statistical analysis is performed and the two types of standard vehicle load are equivalent. Further, fatigue characteristics and fatigue life of two types of welded connection are compared based on the equivalent structural stress method. As a result, 2-axle vehicle takes the largest proportion, and the overload ratio of a 6-axle vehicle is the highest. Compared with fatigue vehicle load III, there should be a correction coefficient 1.89 and 2.30 for equivalent vehicle load based on average traffic flow and heavy lane traffic flow, respectively. For a single-side welded connection and a double-side welded connection, the equivalent structural stress will increase by 81.0%–131.2% for positions of concern when considering heavy lane traffic flow, which is about 21% higher than results considering average traffic flow. In addition, the fatigue life of these concerned positions will encounter a dramatic decrease. Fatigue life of the most unfavorable position is 492.4 years and cracks will occur in 90.0 years based on fatigue vehicle load III. However, it will decrease to 42.3 years and 7.7 years, respectively, when considering the traffic flow of the heavy lane.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by Key Research Project of Guangdong Province of China (Grant No. 2019B111106002), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52278207), and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (Grant No. 21ZR1466100), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China.
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- Fyn
- nodal force;
- fy
- liner force;
- L
- cell length equivalence matrix;
- Mxn
- nodal moment;
- mx
- linear moment;
- t
- deck thickness;
- ΔSess
- equivalent structural stress range;
- σb
- bending stress;
- σm
- membrane stress;
- σn
- structural stress at each node; and
- σx
- structural stress.
References
AASHTO. 2017. Bridge design specifications. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
ASME. 2015. Boiler and pressure vessel code. ASME BPVC VIII-2-2015. New York: ASME.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 1980. Steel, concrete and composite bridges-part 10: Code of practice for fatigue. BS 5400. London: BSI.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2005. Design of steel structures part 1-9: Fatigue. Eurocode 3. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chen, B., Z.-n. Ye, Z. Chen, and X. Xie. 2018. “Bridge vehicle load model on different grades of roads in China based on weigh-in-motion (wim) data.” Measurement 122: 670–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.03.005.
Chen, W.-z., J. Xu, B.-c. Yan, and Z.-p. Wang. 2015. “Fatigue load model for highway bridges in heavily loaded areas of China.” Adv. Steel Constr. 11 (3): 322–333.
Chotickai, P., and M. D. Bowman. 2006. “Truck models for improved fatigue life predictions of steel bridges.” J. Bridge Eng. 11 (1): 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2006)11:1(71).
Cohen, H., G. Fu, W. Dekelbab, and F. Moses. 2003. “Predicting truck load spectra under weight limit changes and its application to steel bridge fatigue assessment.” J. Bridge Eng. 8 (5): 312–322. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2003)8:5(312).
Cui, C., Q. Zhang, Y. Bao, Y. Bu, and Y. Luo. 2019. “Fatigue life evaluation of welded joints in steel bridge considering residual stress.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 153: 509–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.11.003.
Di, J., X. Ruan, X. Zhou, J. Wang, and X. Peng. 2021. “Fatigue assessment of orthotropic steel bridge decks based on strain monitoring data.” Eng. Struct. 228: 111437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111437.
Dong, P. 2001. “A structural stress definition and numerical implementation for fatigue analysis of welded joints.” Int. J. Fatigue 23 (10): 865–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-1123(01)00055-X.
Dong, P. 2005. “A robust structural stress method for fatigue analysis of offshore/marine structures.” J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 127 (1): 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1854698.
Huang, W., M. Pei, X. Liu, and Y. Wei. 2020. “Design and construction of super-long span bridges in China: Review and future perspectives.” Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 14 (4): 803–838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-020-0644-1.
Jiang, X., K. Sun, X. Qiang, D. Li, and Q. Zhang. 2023. “Xfem-based fatigue crack propagation analysis on key welded connections of orthotropic steel bridge deck.” Int. J. Steel Struct. 23: 404–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-022-00701-3.
Lan, C., H. Li, and J. Ou. 2011. “Traffic load modelling based on structural health monitoring data.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 7 (5): 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732470902726809.
Li, J., Q. Zhang, Y. Bao, J. Zhu, L. Chen, and Y. Bu. 2019. “An equivalent structural stress-based fatigue evaluation framework for rib-to-deck welded joints in orthotropic steel deck.” Eng. Struct. 196: 109304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109304.
Li, M., T. L. Huang, J. J. Liao, J. Zhong, and J. w. Zhong. 2020. “Wim-based vehicle load models for urban highway bridge.” Lat. Am. J. Solids Struct. 17 (5): 1–20.
Li, R., X. Xie, and X. Duan. 2021. “Fatigue load spectrum of highway bridge vehicles in plateau mountainous area based on wireless sensing.” Mobile Inf. Syst. 2021: 1–8.
Liu, Y., D. Li, Z. Zhang, H. Zhang, and N. Jiang. 2017. “Fatigue load model using the weigh-in-motion system for highway bridges in China.” J. Bridge Eng. 22 (6): 04017011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001048.
Lu, N., Y. Liu, and Y. Deng. 2021. “Fatigue reliability evaluation of orthotropic steel bridge decks based on site-specific weigh-in-motion measurements.” Int. J. Steel Struct. 19: 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-018-0109-8.
Maljaars, J., E. Bonet, and R. J. M. Pijpers. 2018. “Fatigue resistance of the deck plate in steel orthotropic deck structures.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 201: 214–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.06.014.
Mao, J.-X., H. Wang, and J. Li. 2019. “Fatigue reliability assessment of a long-span cable-stayed bridge based on one-year monitoring strain data.” J. Bridge Eng. 24 (1): 05018015. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001337.
Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China. 2015. Specifications for design of highway steel bridge. Beijing: China Communications Press Ltd.
Qiang, X., Y. Shu, and X. Jiang. 2023. “Mechanical behaviour of high strength steel t-stubs at elevated temperatures: Experimental study.” Thin-Walled Struct. 182: 110314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2022.110314.
Rievaj, V., J. Vrábel, F. Synák, and L. Bartuška. 2018. “The effects of vehicle load on driving characteristics.” Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J. 12 (1): 142–149. https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/80896.
Rys, D. 2019. “Investigation of weigh-in-motion measurement accuracy on the basis of steering axle load spectra.” Sensors 19 (15): 3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19153272.
Tan, C., X. Jiang, X. Qiang, and G. Xu. 2023. “Flexural strengthening of full-scale rc columns with adhesively-bonded longitudinal cfrp plates: An experimental investigation.” J. Build. Eng. 67: 105969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.105969.
Villoria, B., S. C. Siriwardane, and H. G. Lemu. 2021. “Review on fatigue life assessment methods for welded joints in orthotropic steel decks of long-span bridges.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1201: 012036. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1201/1/012036.
Wang, D., C. Xiang, Y. Ma, A. Chen, and B. Wang. 2021. “Experimental study on the root-deck fatigue crack on orthotropic steel decks.” Mater. Des. 203: 109601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109601.
Yang, H., P. Wang, and H. Qian. 2020. “Fatigue behavior of typical details of orthotropic steel bridges in multiaxial stress states using traction structural stress.” Int. J. Fatigue 141: 105862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105862.
Yi, T., C. Zhang, T. Lin, and J. Liu. 2020. “Research on the spatial-temporal distribution of electric vehicle charging load demand: A case study in China.” J. Cleaner Prod. 242: 118457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118457.
Zhang, Y., and J. Zhu. 2021. “Damage identification for bridge structures based on correlation of the bridge dynamic responses under vehicle load.” Structures 33: 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.04.022.
Zheng, X., D.-H. Yang, T.-H. Yi, and H.-N. Li. 2021. “Bridge influence surface identification method considering the spatial effect of vehicle load.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 28 (8): e2769. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2769.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 28 • Issue 9 • September 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 29, 2022
Accepted: May 4, 2023
Published online: Jul 5, 2023
Published in print: Sep 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Dec 5, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.