Wave–Current Impulsive Debris Loading on a Coastal Building Array

Data Availability Statement

Acknowledgments

Notation

C

factor that relates I_r,x and I_0,x;

C_B

blockage coefficient;

C_D

depth coefficient;

C_I

importance coefficient;

C_L

load correction coefficient;

C_O

ASCE7-16 orientation coefficient;

CR(n)

collision ratio in Row n;

c

damping coefficient;

d_n

steady current mean water depth at location of Row n;

EP2CE

2% experimental exceedance probability load, given a collision event;

EP10CE

10% experimental exceedance probability load, given a collision event;

F

contact–stiffness maximum debris impact load;

F_d,x

actual debris loading on front of structure;

F_{flood,impulsive}

ASCE7-16 impulsive flood debris impact force;

F_i

ASCE7-16 tsunami design instantaneous debris impact force;

F_ni

ASCE7-16 nominal maximum instantaneous debris impact force;

F_r,x

structural loading response in x-direction;

F_r,x,max

predicted maximum loading response in x-direction;

F_r,x,max,exp

experimental maximum loading response in x-direction;

F_r,y,max

predicted maximum loading response in y-direction;

F_r,y,max,exp

experimental maximum loading response in y-direction;

F_{tsu,impulsive}

ASCE7-16 impulsive tsunami debris impact force;

F_x

applied force in x-direction;

F_{x,max,proposed}

proposed maximum impulsive debris impact load in x-direction;

F_{y,max,proposed}

proposed maximum impulsive debris impact load in y-direction;

g

gravitational acceleration;

H_s,n

significant wave height at location of Row n;

h_n

structural height of moment-resisting frame;

I-LC-n

structure located in Row n, instrumented with inline load cell;

I_r,x

effective impulse of structural response in x-direction;

I_r,y

effective impulse of structural response in y-direction;

I_tsu

ASCE7-16 tsunami importance factor;

I₀

debris impulse;

I_0,x

impulse applied by debris in x-direction;

$\overline{I_{0,x}}$

largest dimensionless impulse applied by debris in x-direction;

$\overline{I_{0,x,max}}$

upper limit for cross-shore dimensionless impulse;

$\overline{I_{0,x}^{(2\mathrm{nd})}}$

second largest dimensionless impulse applied by debris in x-direction;

I_0,y

impulse applied by debris in y-direction;

$\overline{I_{0,y}}$

largest dimensionless impulse applied by debris in y-direction;

$\overline{I_{0,y,max}}$

upper limit for along-shore dimensionless impulse;

$\overline{I_{0,y}^{(2\mathrm{nd})}}$

second largest dimensionless impulse applied by debris in y-direction;

k

effective stiffness;

k_d

debris stiffness;

k_s

structural stiffness;

M-LC-1

structure located in Row 1, instrumented with multiaxis load cell;

m

mass of instrumented structures;

m_d

debris mass;

N

sum of debris events in all structures that occurred in Row n;

N_CE

number of collision events in corresponding instrumented structure;

N_DE

number of debris events in area of corresponding instrumented structure;

N_{row n}

sum of collision events in all structures that occurred in Row n;

N_s

number of stories of moment-resisting frame;

P_i

empirical exceedance probability;

p_n

normalizing impulse determined by debris mass and hydrodynamic conditions;

Q

approximate flow of experimental tests;

q

number of times same individual debris piece collided with instrumented building during collision event;

R_i

rank number;

R_max

dynamic response factor;

T_n

fundamental structural period;

T_p

peak period;

t

time;

t_a

beginning time of collision;

t_b

end time of collision;

t_d

rectangular pulse duration;

t₁

debris impact time;

t₂

time after debris impact when structural response reaches zero again;

u

impact velocity;

u_max

maximum impact velocity;

u_n

cross-shore velocity component of steady current in Row n;

γ

gamma factor;

Δt

duration of half-sine pulse from pulse start to when it reaches its maximum value;

δ(t)

Dirac delta function;

λ

lambda factor;

ξ

damping ratio;

${\sigma }_{m_d}$

debris mass standard deviation;

ω_d

damped angular frequency; and

ω_n

fundamental angular frequency.

References