Optimal Upgrading of Water Distribution Network Redundancy
Publication: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 141, Issue 1
Abstract
A new two-stage iterative methodology is presented for upgrading of single-source water distribution networks to achieve redundancy. In the first stage, the existing network is strengthened using linear programming (LP) for a fixed flow distribution obtained using a model that maximizes flow uniformity by minimizing variance of flows in the distribution network. In the second stage, the performance of the network is assessed under single-pipe failure conditions using a node-flow analysis, and the most critical pipe-failure condition having the maximum deficiency in meeting nodal demands is noted. To also make the network satisfactory during the failure of a critical pipe, a new flow distribution is obtained by removing the critical pipe. Constraints for this new flow distribution along with previous flow distribution are then simultaneously considered in a new LP problem. An improved design of the network is obtained by repeating the first stage. This two-stage methodology is continued until the network becomes capable of meeting demands at all nodes during any single link failure. The proposed methodology is illustrated by upgrading a water main system for redundancy. The results of the application demonstrate that the new methodology is more efficient and less computationally demanding as compared to other methodologies used for upgrading of the illustrative water main system.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The assistance provided by Mr. Mohd. Abbas H. Abdy Sayyed, Ph. D. scholar, in computer programming for node-flow analysis is gratefully acknowledged. The authors are thankful to editor, associate editor, and reviewers for quick review of the manuscript and for their helpful suggestions to improve the overall quality of paper.
References
Agrawal, M. L., Gupta, R., and Bhave, P. R. (2007a). “Optimal design of level-1 redundant water distributions considering nodal storage.” J. Environ. Eng., 319–330.
Agrawal, M. L., Gupta, R., and Bhave, P. R. (2007b). “Reliability-based strengthening and expansion of water distribution networks.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 531–541.
Alvisi, S., Creaco, E., and Franchini, M. (2011). “Segment identification in water distribution systems.” Urban Water, 8(4), 203–217.
Ang, W., and Jowitt, P. (2006). “Solution for water distribution systems under pressure-deficient conditions.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 175–182.
Awumah, K., Goulter, I., and Bhatt, S. (1991). “Entropy based redundancy measures in water distribution network design.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 595–614.
Bhave, P. R. (1978). “Noncomputer optimization of single source networks.” J. Environ. Eng., 104(4), 799–814.
Bhave, P. R. (1981). “Node flow analysis of water distribution systems.” J. Transp. Eng., 107(4), 457–467.
Bhave, P. R. (2003). Optimal design of water distribution networks, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
Bhave, P. R., and Gupta, R. (2004). “Optimal design of water distribution networks for fuzzy demands.” Civ. Eng. Environ. Syst., 21(4), 229–245.
Bhave, P. R., and Gupta, R. (2006). Analysis of water distribution networks, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
Bouchart, F., and Goulter, I. C. (1991). "Reliability improvement in design of water distribution networks recognizing valve locations.” Water Resour. Res., 27(12), 3029–3040.
Chiong, C. (1985). “Optimization of closed loop network.” Ph.D. thesis, Ciudad Univ. Jose Antonio Echeverria, Havana (in Spanish).
Creaco, E., Franchini, M., and Alvisi, S. (2010). “Optimal placement of isolation valves in water distribution systems based on valve cost and weighted average demand shortfall.” Water Resour. Manage., 24(15), 4317–4338.
Creaco, E., Franchini, M., and Alvisi, S. (2012). “Evaluating water demand shortfalls in segmental analysis.” Water Resour. Manage., 26(8), 2301–2321.
Cullinane, M. J., Lansey, K. E., and Mays, L. W. (1992). “Optimization-availability-based design of water-distribution networks.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 420–441.
Devi Prasad, T., and Park, N. S. (2004). “Multiobjective genetic algorithms for design of water distribution networks.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 73–82.
Gao, T. (2013). “Efficient identification of segments in water distribution networks.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000395.
Giustolisi, O., Kapelan, Z., and Savic, D. (2008). “Algorithm for automated detection of topological changes in water distribution networks.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 435–446.
Giustolisi, O., and Laucelli, D. (2011). “Water distribution network pressure-driven analysis using the enhanced global gradient algorithm (EGGA).” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 498–510.
Giustolisi, O., and Savic, D. (2010). “Identification of segments and optimal isolation valve system design in water distribution networks.” Urban Water, 7(1), 1–15.
González-Cebollada, C., Macarulla, B., and Sallán, D. (2011). “Recursive design of pressurized branched irrigation networks.” J. Irrig. Drain Eng., 375–382.
Goulter, I., Thomas, M., Mays, L., Sakarya, B., Bouchart, F., and Tung, Y. (1999). “Reliability analysis for design.” Water distribution systems handbook, L. W. Mays, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 18.1–18.52.
Guercio, R., and Xu, Z. (1997). “Linearized optimization model for reliability-based design of water systems.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 1020–1026.
Gupta, R., and Bhave, P. R. (1992). “Discussion of optimal upgrading of hydraulic network reliability.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 466–467.
Gupta, R., and Bhave, P. R. (1994). “Reliability analysis of water distribution systems.” J. Environ. Eng., 447–460.
Gupta, R., and Bhave, P. R. (1996a). “Reliability-based design of water distribution system.” J. Environ. Eng., 51–54.
Gupta, R., and Bhave, P. R. (1996b). “Comparison of methods for predicting deficient network performance.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 214–217.
Jinesh Babu, K. S., and Mohan, S. (2012). “Extended period simulation for pressure-deficient water distribution network.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng., 498–505.
Jun, H., and Loganathan, G. V. (2007). “Valve-controlled segments in water distribution systems.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 145–155.
Jun, L., and Guoping, Y. (2013). “Iterative methodology of pressure-dependent demand based on EPANET for pressure-deficient water distribution analysis.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 34–44.
Kessler, A., Ormsbee, L. E., and Shamir, U. (1990). “A methodology for least cost design of invulnerable water distribution networks.” Civ. Eng. Syst., 7(1), 20–28.
Kumar, S., Doby, T., Baugh, J., Jr., Brill, E., and Ranjithan, S. (2006). “Optimal design of redundant water distribution networks using a cluster of workstations.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 374–384.
Li, P.-H., and Kao, J.-J. (2008). “Segment-based vulnerability analysis system for a water distribution network.” Civ. Eng. Environ. Syst., 25(1), 41–58.
Lingireddy, S., Ormsbee, L., and Neelakantan, T. (2000). “Application of genetic optimization in maximizing hydraulic network redundancy.” Proc. Building Partnerships, R. H. Hotchkiss and M. Glade, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 1–9.
Martínez, J. (2007). “Quantifying the economy of water supply looped networks.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 88–97.
Mays, L. W. (2000). Water distribution systems handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Mohan, S., and Jinesh Babu, K. S. (2009). “Optimal water distribution network design using heuristics based algorithm.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng., 249–257.
Ormsbee, L., and Kessler, A. (1990). “Optimal upgrading of hydraulic-network reliability.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 784–802.
Ostfeld, A., Oliker, N., and Salomons, E. (2013). “Multi-objective optimization for the least cost design and resiliency of water distribution systems.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000407.
Ozger, S. S., and Mays, L. W. (2003). “A semi pressure-driven approach to reliability assessment of water distribution networks.” 30th IAHR Congress Proc. Theme B—Urban and Rural Water Systems for Sustainable Development, C. Maksimovic and V. Kaleris, eds., 345–352.
Siew, C., and Tanyimboh, T. T. (2012). “Pressure-dependent EPANET extension.” Water Resour. Manage., 26(6), 1477–1498.
Su, Y. C., Mays, L. W., Duan, N., and Lansey, K. E. (1987). “Reliability-based optimization model for water distribution systems.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 1539–1556.
Suribabu, C. R. (2012). “Heuristic-based pipe dimensioning model for water distribution networks.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract., 115–124.
Suribabu, C. R., and Neelakantan, T. R. (2005). “Design of water distribution networks by a noniterative two stage optimization.” ISH J. Hydraul. Eng., 112(2), 18–40.
Tanyimboh, T. T., and Templeman, A. B. (1993a). “Maximum entropy flows for single-source networks.” Eng. Optim., 22(1), 49–63.
Tanyimboh, T. T., and Templeman, A. B. (1993b). “Optimum design of flexible water distribution networks.” Civ. Eng. Syst., 10(3), 246–258.
Tanyimboh, T. T., and Templeman, A. B. (2000). “A qualified assessment of the relationship between the reliability and entropy of water distribution system.” Eng. Optim., 33(2), 179–199.
Tolson, B. A., Maier, H. R., Simpson, A. R., and Lence, B. J. (2004). “Genetic algorithm for reliability-based optimization of water distribution systems.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 63–72.
Torii, A., and Lopez, R. (2012). “Reliability analysis of water distribution networks using the adaptive response surface approach.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 227–236.
Wagner, J. M., Shamir, U., and Marks, D. H. (1988). “Water distribution reliability: Simulation methods.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 276–294.
Walski, T. M. (1993a). “Practical aspects of providing reliability in water distribution systems.” Rel. Eng. Syst. Saf., 42(1), 13–19.
Walski, T. M. (1993b). “Water distribution valve topology for reliability analysis.” Rel. Eng. Syst. Saf., 42(1), 21–27.
Xu, C., and Goulter, I. (1999). “Reliability-based optimal design of water distribution networks.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 352–362.
Yassin-Kassab, A., Templeman, A. B., and Tanyimboh, T. T. (1999). “Calculating maximum entropy flows in multi-source, multi-demand networks.” Eng. Optim., 31(6), 695–729.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 141 • Issue 1 • January 2015
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 28, 2013
Accepted: Jan 16, 2014
Published online: Jun 13, 2014
Discussion open until: Nov 13, 2014
Published in print: Jan 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.