GIS-MCDM–Based Approach to Determine the Potential Facility Locations for Park-and-Ride Facilities along Transit Corridors
Publication: Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 148, Issue 1
Abstract
The ill effects of the escalating number of private vehicles on roads have become a key concern for today’s planners and development authorities. Park-and-Ride (P&R) facilities are considered as a group of valuable systems that are used to overcome these rising problems of cities if located judiciously. Several criteria play significant roles in determining the potential locations for P&Rs, but there lacks an approach to simultaneously consider multiple criteria and spatially locate P&R facilities. This study presents a spatial multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) (i.e., GIS-MCDM) approach to identify potential locations for P&R facilities considering multiple criteria. This approach uses the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the relative weights of several criteria considered for locating P&Rs and the geographic information system (GIS) to identify the locations spatially. The developed approach is further applied to identify locations for P&Rs in Delhi, the capital city of India, and 10 locations that best served the maximum part of the city were found. The results show that the criterion of a P&R serving the maximum population had the highest weight for determining the potential locations. The findings of this study suggest that the developed approach will ease the decision-making process of planners regarding determining the potential locations for P&Rs.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the assistance of the Delhi Traffic Police in providing the information essential to conduct this study. The authors would also like to acknowledge all the experts who gave their valuable time and took part in the survey. A special thanks to the Ministry of Education (MoE), Government of India for awarding the assistantship to Mr. Aditya Manish Pitale to conduct this study.
References
Aguaron, J., and J. M. Moreno-Jimenez. 2003. “The geometric consistency index : Approximated thresholds.” Eur. J. Oper. Res. 147: 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(02)00255-2.
Aljohani, K., and R. G. Thompson. 2020. “A multi-criteria spatial evaluation framework to optimise the siting of freight consolidation facilities in inner-city areas.” Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 138: 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.05.020.
Aros-Vera, F., V. Marianov, and J. E. Mitchell. 2013. “p-Hub approach for the optimal park-and-ride facility location problem.” Eur. J. Oper. Res. 226 (2): 277–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2012.11.006.
Aydinoglu, A. C., and A. S. Iqbal. 2021. “Determining parking demand and locating parking areas using geographic analytics methods.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 147 (1): 05020035. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000650.
Balbontin, C., and D. A. Hensher. 2021. “Understanding business location decision making for transport planning: An investigation of the role of process rules in identifying influences on firm location.” J. Transp. Geogr. 91: 102955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.102955.
Basak, I., and T. Saaty. 1993. “Group decision making using the analytic hierarchy process.” Math. Comput. Modell. 17 (415): 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-7177(93)90179-3.
Bivina, G. R., A. Gupta, and M. Parida. 2020. Walk accessibility to metro stations: An analysis based on meso- or micro-scale built environment factors. Sustainable Cities Soc. 55 102047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102047.
Bolger, D., D. Colquhoun, and J. Morrall. 1992. “Planning and design of park-and-ride facilities for the Calgary light rail transit system.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1361: 141–148. Accessed November 8, 2019. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1992/1361/1361-020.pdf.
Bullard, D. L., and D. L. Christiansen. 1983. “Guidelines for planning, designing and operating park-and-ride lots in Texas.” Accessed November 8, 2019. https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/205-22F.pdf.
Cavadas, J., and A. P. Antunes. 2019. “Optimization-based study of the location of park-and-ride facilities.” Transp. Plann. Technol. 42 (3): 201–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2019.1576380.
Csiszár, C., B. Csonka, D. Földes, E. Wirth, and T. Lovas. 2020. “Location optimisation method for fast-charging stations along national roads.” J. Transp. Geogr. 88: 102833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102833.
Darani, S. K., A. A. Eslami, M. Jabbari, and H. Asefi. 2018. “Parking lot site selection using a fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS framework in Tuyserkan, Iran.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 144 (3): 04018022. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000456.
Delhi Development Authority. 2017. “Master plan of Delhi (LandUse Plan-2021).” Accessed December 27, 2019. https://online.dda.org.in/landpooling/AppForm/Maps/Master Plan.jpg.
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. 2016. “DMRC Line—Influence Zone of DMRC”. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/DMRC-Google-Earth.aspx.
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. 2018. Accessed April 18, 2020. “Route Map.” http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Zoom_Map.aspx.
Delhi Traffic Police. 2013. “Major Arterial Corridors in Delhi.” Accessed February 12, 2020. https://delhitrafficpolice.nic.in/sites/default/files/uploads/2013/09/SELECTED-CORRIDORS.pdf.
Dijk, M., J. de Haes, and C. Montalvo. 2013. “Park-and-Ride motivations and air quality norms in Europe.” J. Transp. Geog. 30: 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.04.008.
Dijk, M., and G. Parkhurst. 2014. “Understanding the mobility-transformative qualities of urban park and ride polices in the UK and the Netherlands.” Int. J. Automot. Technol. Manage. 14 (3/4): 246–270. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2014.065292.
Dong, G., J. Ma, R. Wei, and J. Haycox. 2019. “Electric vehicle charging point placement optimisation by exploiting spatial statistics and maximal coverage location models.” Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 67: 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.11.005.
Duncan, M., and D. Cook. 2014. “Is the provision of park-and-ride facilities at light rail stations an effective approach to reducing vehicle kilometers traveled in a US context?” Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 66 (1): 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.04.014.
Ebrahimian Ghajari, Y., A. A. Alesheikh, M. Modiri, R. Hosnavi, M. Abbasi, and A. Sharifi. 2018. “Urban vulnerability under various blast loading scenarios: Analysis using GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis techniques.” Cities 72: 102–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.08.006.
Eskandari, M., and A. S. Nookabadi. 2018. “Off-street parking facility location on urban transportation network considering multiple objectives: A case study of Isfahan (Iran).” Transport 33 (4): 1067–1078. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2017.1345004.
Faghri, A., A. Lang, K. Hamad, and H. Henck. 2002. “Integrated knowledge-based geographic information system for determining optimal location of park-and-ride facilities.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 128 (1): 18–41. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2002)128:1(18).
Fan, W., M. B. Khan, J. Ma, and X. Jiang. 2014. “Bilevel programming model for locating park-and-ride facilities.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 140 (3): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000178.
Farhan, B., and A. T. Murray. 2008. “Siting park-and-ride facilities using a multi-objective spatial optimization model.” Comput. Oper. Res. 35: 445–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2006.03.009.
Forman, E., and K. Peniwati. 1998. “Aggregating individual judgments and priorities with the analytic hierarchy process.” Eur. J. Oper. Res. 108: 165–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(97)00244-0.
Franek, J., and A. Kresta. 2014. “Judgment scales and consistency measure in AHP.” Procedia Econ. Finance 12: 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00332-3.
Gao, G., H. Sun, J. Wu, X. Liu, and W. Chen. 2018. “Park-and-ride service design under a price-based tradable credits scheme in a linear monocentric city.” Transp. Policy 68: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.04.001.
Harris, F. R. 2012. State park-and-ride guide. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Dept. of Transportation.
Holguín-Veras, J., W. H. Hart, J. Reilly, and F. Aros-Vera. 2012a. New York City park and ride study. Final Rep. Albany, NY: New York State Dept. of Transportation.
Holguín-Veras, J., W. F. Yushimito, F. Aros-Vera, and J. J. Reilly. 2012b. “User rationality and optimal park-and-ride location under potential demand maximization.” Transp. Res. Part B Methodol. 46 (8): 949–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2012.02.011.
Khakbaz, A., A. S. Nookabadi, and N. S. Bushehri. 2017. “Two-phase approach for designing bus-based park-and-ride system: Case study of Isfahan, Iran.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 143 (1): 04016027. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000359.
Khakbaz, A., A. S. Nookabadi, and S. N. Shetab-Bushehri. 2012. “A model for locating park-and-ride facilities on urban networks based on maximizing flow capture: A case study of Isfahan, Iran.” Netw. Spatial Econ. 13 (1): 43–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-012-9172-4.
Lam, W. H. K., N. M. Holyoak, and H. P. Lo. 2001. “How park-and-ride schemes can be successful in Eastern Asia.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 127 (2): 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2001)127:2(63).
Li, T., H. Sun, J. Wu, and D. Lee. 2019. “Residential location choice equilibrium model based on reference-dependent theory.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 146: 1. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000534.
Liu, R., X. Gao, and C. Li. 2018. “Relationship between urban transport and residential location choice.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 144 (Issue 2): 04018014. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000430.
Mather, J. J. 1983. “Guidelines and standards for the planning, design, and operation of bus park-and-ride facilities.” Transp. Res. Rec. 908: 1–6. Accessed November 10, 2019. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1983/908/908-001.pdf.
Mills, G., and P. White. 2018. “Evaluating the long-term impacts of bus-based park and ride.” Res. Transp. Econ. 69: 536–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2018.07.028.
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation. 2019. “Metro projects in India—Rapid Strides in Urban transport & Mobility.” Press Information Bureau, Government of India, 1–3. Accessed December 6, 2019. https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=188659.
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. 2018. “Road Transport Year book (2015–16).” Government of India. Accessed November 10, 2019. https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Road_Transport_Year_Book_2015_16_reduce.pdf.
Ministry of Urban Development. 2014. Toolkit for comprehensive mobility plan (CMP) revised (2014). Delhi, India: Institute of Urban Transport.
Mishra, S., P. K. Sahu, A. K. Sarkar, B. Mehran, and S. Sharma. 2019. “Geo-spatial site suitability analysis for development of health care units in rural India: Effects on habitation accessibility, facility utilization and zonal equity in facility distribution.” J. Transp. Geogr. 78: 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.05.017.
Omidipoor, M., M. Jelokhani-Niaraki, A. Moeinmehr, A. Sadeghi-Niaraki, and S. M. Choi. 2019. “A GIS-based decision support system for facilitating participatory urban renewal process.” Land Use Policy 88: 104150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104150.
Özceylan, E., C. Çetinkaya, M. Erbaş, and M. Kabak. 2016. “Logistic performance evaluation of provinces in Turkey: A GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis.” Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 94: 323–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.09.020.
Özceylan, E., M. Erbaş, C. Çetinkaya, and M. Kabak. 2021. “Analysis of potential high-speed rail routes: A case of GIS-based multicriteria evaluation in Turkey.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 147 (2): 04021012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000674.
Pelzer, P. 2017. “Usefulness of planning support systems: A conceptual framework and an empirical illustration.” Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 104: 84–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.06.019.
Pettit, C., A. Bakelmun, S. N. Lieske, S. Glackin, K. C. Hargroves, G. Thomson, H. Shearer, H. Dia, and P. Newman. 2018. “Planning support systems for smart cities.” City Cult. Soc. 12: 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2017.10.002.
Saaty, T. L. 1977. “A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures.” J. Math. Psychol. 15 (3): 234–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2496(77)90033-5.
Saaty, T. L. 1989. “Group decision making and the AHP.” In The analytic hierarchy process, edited by B. L. Golden, E. A. Wasil, and P. T. Harker, 59–67. Berlin: Springer.
Schneider, J. B., D. G. Miller, and T. W. Friedman. 1976. “Locating and sizing park-ride lots with interactive computer graphs.” Transportation 5 (4): 389–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00151099.
Schweikert, A., P. Chinowsky, K. Kwiatkowski, and X. Espinet. 2014. “The infrastructure planning support system: Analyzing the impact of climate change on road infrastructure and development.” Transp. Policy 35: 146–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.05.019.
Spillar, R. J. 1997. Park-and-ride planning and design guidelines. New York: Parsons Brinckerhoff.
Tercan, E., A. Eymen, T. Urfalı, and B. O. Saracoglu. 2021. “A sustainable framework for spatial planning of photovoltaic solar farms using GIS and multi-criteria assessment approach in Central Anatolia, Turkey.” Land Use Policy 102: 105272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105272.
Tran, C. Q., D. Ngoduy, M. Keyvan-ekbatani, and D. Watling. 2021. “A user equilibrium-based fast-charging location model considering heterogeneous vehicles in urban networks.” Transp. A Transp. Sci. 17 (4): 439–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/23249935.2020.1785579.
Triantaphyllou, E. 2000. Multi-criteria decision making methods: A comparative study, edited by P. M. Pardalos and D. Hearn. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Vargas, L. G. 1982. “Reciprocal matrices with random coefficients.” Math. Modell. 3 (1): 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0270-0255(82)90013-6.
Wang, J. Y. T., H. Yang, and R. Lindsey. 2004. “Locating and pricing park-and-ride facilities in a linear monocentric city with deterministic mode choice.” Transp. Res. Part B Methodol. 38 (8): 709–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2003.10.002.
Watson, J. J. W., and M. D. Hudson. 2015. “Regional scale wind farm and solar farm suitability assessment using GIS-assisted multi-criteria evaluation.” Landsc. Urban Plann. 138: 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.001.
Zubaryeva, A., C. Thiel, N. Zaccarelli, E. Barbone, and A. Mercier. 2012. “Spatial multi-criteria assessment of potential lead markets for electrified vehicles in Europe.” Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 46 (9): 1477–1489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2012.05.018.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 148 • Issue 1 • March 2022
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 15, 2020
Accepted: Sep 17, 2021
Published online: Nov 24, 2021
Published in print: Mar 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Apr 24, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Manaswinee Kar, Shubhajit Sadhukhan, Manoranjan Parida, Location Planning of Park-and-Ride Facilities Around Rapid Transit Systems in Cities: A Review, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000885, 149, 1, (2023).
- Aditya Manish Pitale, Manoranjan Parida, Shubhajit Sadhukhan, Factors influencing choice riders for using park-and-ride facilities: A case of Delhi, Multimodal Transportation, 10.1016/j.multra.2022.100065, 2, 1, (100065), (2023).
- Aditya Manish Pitale, Manoranjan Parida, Shubhajit Sadhukhan, Location Evaluation of Existing Park-and-Ride Facilities Along a Transit Corridor: A Case of Delhi MRTS, Transportation in Developing Economies, 10.1007/s40890-022-00164-5, 8, 2, (2022).