Spatial Distribution of Enterprise Communities and Its Implications Based on POI Data: Case of Xi’an, China
Publication: Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 147, Issue 3
Abstract
China’s residential social space has changed significantly following economic reform in 1978. Enterprise communities (ECs) are walled-off residential spaces that were built and managed mostly by the state or collectively owned enterprises to house workers during the 1950s to 1970s. Many ECs are still used in urban China, but they are primary sites for urban poverty. This paper used point of interest (POI) data, field surveys, and spatial analysis to analyze the distribution of ECs in Xi’an, China, and assess the policy implications. Results indicated that the ECs were mainly located in the inner city and were characterized by small-scale agglomeration or cluster distribution along the former major transport routes. The ECs are sites of urban poverty because of industrial transition. Their large renewal potential as construction land should be fully recognized. This study will help to better understand and optimize urban internal space and may apply to countries or regions with similar housing types and urban space. Exploring the relevant issues of postsocialist ECs through POI data can enrich and strengthen scientific research in urban residential areas.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Humanities and Social Sciences Project of the Ministry of Education, China (Grant No. 18YJA840013), and the Social Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2016D022). We thank Leonie Seabrook, Ph.D., from Liwen Bianji, Edanz Group China, for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript, and Haijin Shi for editing the figures.
References
Andrusz, G., M. Harloe, and I. Szelényi. 1996. Cities after socialism: Urban and regional change and conflict in post-socialist societies. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell.
Bannister, J., and S. He. 2017. “Urban studies” China strategy.” Urban Stud. 54 (8): 1783. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017706584.
Bjorklund, E. M. 1986. “The Danwei: Socio-spatial characteristics of work units in China's urban society.” Econ. Geogr. 62 (1): 19–29. https://doi.org/10.2307/143493.
Bontje, M. 2004. “Facing the challenge of shrinking cities in East Germany: The case of Leipzig.” GeoJournal 61 (1): 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-005-0843-2.
Borén, T., and M. Gentile. 2007. “Metropolitan processes in post-communist states: An introduction.” Geogr. Ann. Ser. A Hum. Geogr. 89 (2): 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0467.2007.00242.x.
Brade, I., G. Herfert, and K. Wiest. 2009. “Recent trends and future prospects of socio-spatial differentiation in urban regions of central and Eastern Europe: A lull before the storm?” Cities 26 (5): 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2009.05.001.
Bray, D. 2005. Social space and governance in urban China: The Danwei system from origins to reform. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Buck, N. T., and A. While. 2017. “Competitive urbanism and the limits to smart city innovation: The UK future cities initiative.” Urban Stud. 54 (2): 501–519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015597162.
Burawoy, M., W. D. Connor, A. Jones, W. Moskoff, and S. Kotkin. 1992. “The End of sovietoloy and the renaissance of modernization theory.” Contemp. Sociol. 21 (6): 774–785. https://doi.org/10.2307/2075622.
Burdack, J., and R. Rudolph. 2001. “Postsozialistische stadtentwicklungen zwischen nachholender modernisierung und eigenem weg.” Geog. Helv. 56 (4): 261–273. https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-56-261-2001.
Chai, Y. W., and C. Zhang. 2009. “Geographical approach to Danwei in Chinese cities: A key to understand the transition of urban China.” [In Chinese.] Urban Plann. Int. 24 (5): 2–6.
Deng, F. 2017. “Gated community and residential segregation in urban China.” GeoJournal 82 (2): 231–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-015-9684-9.
Gatrell, A. C. 1979. “Autocorrelation in spaces.” Environ. Plann. A: Econ. Space 11 (5): 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1068/a110507.
Golubchikov, O., and A. Badyina. 2006. “Conquering the inner-city: Urban redevelopment and gentrification in Moscow.” In The urban mosaic of post-socialist Europe, edited by S. Tsenkova and Z. Nedović-Budić. Berlin: Springer.
Grava, S. 1993. “The urban heritage of the soviet regime: The case of Riga, Latvia.” J. Am. Plann. Assoc. 59 (1): 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369308975842.
Gu, C., F. Wang, and G. Liu. 2005. “The structure of social space in Beijing in 1998: A socialist city in transition.” Urban Geogr. 26 (2): 167–192. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.26.2.167.
He, S., L. Liu, G. Yang, and F. Wang. 2017. “Housing differentiation and housing poverty in Chinese low-income urban neighborhoods under the confluence of state-market forces.” Urban Geog. 38 (5): 729–751. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2016.1139406.
Hirt, S., and K. Stanilov. 2007. “The perils of post-socialist transformation: Residential development in Sofia.” In The post-socialist city: Urban form and space transformations in central and Eastern Europe after socialism, edited by K. Stanilov, 215–244. Berlin: Springer.
Hoyler, M., and J. Harrison. 2017. “Global cities research and urban theory making.” Environ. Plann. A: Econ. Space 49 (12): 2853–2858. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X17735405.
Konsti-Laakso, S., and T. Rantala. 2018. “Managing community engagement: A process model for urban planning.” Eur. J. Oper. Res. 268 (3): 1040–1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.12.002.
Kotus, J. 2006. “Changes in the spatial structure of a large Polish city—The case of Poznań.” Cities 23 (5): 364–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2006.02.002.
Lin, W. 2011. “Remaking Chinese urban form: Modernity, scarcity and space, 1949–2005—By Duanfang Lu.” Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 35 (1): 216–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.01033_5.x.
Liu, C. 2006. “Social changes and neighbourhood policy in Shanghai.” Policy Soc. 25 (1): 133–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1449-4035(06)70130-8.
Logan, J. R., Y. Bian, and F. Bian. 1999. “Housing inequality in urban China in the 1990s.” Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 23 (1): 7–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00176.
Lu, D. 2005. Remarking Chinese urban form modernity: Changing society, economy and space. London: Routledge.
Lucci, A., T. Bhatkal, and A. Khan. 2018. “Are we underestimating urban poverty?” World Dev. 103: 297–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.10.022.
Madden, J. F. 2003. “The changing spatial concentration of income and poverty among suburbs of large US metropolitan areas.” Urban Stud. 40 (3): 481–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000053888.
Musa, H. D., M. R. Yacob, A. M. Abdullah, and M. Y. Ishak. 2018. “Enhancing subjective well-being through strategic urban planning: Development and application of community happiness index.” Sustainable Cities Soc. 38: 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.12.030.
Omar, D., K. A. Omar, S. Othman, and Z. M. Yusoff. 2016. “Youth participation in urban neighbourhood community.” Proc. Soc. Behav. Sci. 234: 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.247.
Patel, R. B., and K. M. Gleason. 2018. “The association between social cohesion and community resilience in two urban slums of Port au Prince, Haiti.” Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 27: 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.10.003.
Polanska, D. 2008. “Decline and revitalization in post-communist urban context: A case of the Polish city—Gdansk.” Communist Post-Communist Stud. 41 (3): 359–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2008.06.002.
Rose, D. L., R. Privitera, L. Barbarossa, and P. L. Greca. 2017. “Assessing spatial benefits of urban regeneration programs in a highly vulnerable urban context: A case study in Catania, Italy.” Landscape Urban Plann. 157: 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.05.031.
Sailer-Fliege, U. 1999. “Characteristics of post-socialist urban transformation in East Central Europe.” GeoJournal 49 (1): 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006905405818.
Sengupta, U. 2006. “Liberalization and the privatization of public rental housing in Kolkata.” Cities 23 (4): 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2006.01.003.
Shaw, V. N. 1997. “Reform of the socialist housing system in China.” China Rep. 33 (2): 125–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/000944559703300201.
Su, F., and R. Tao. 2017. “The China model withering? Institutional roots of China’s local developmentalism.” Urban Stud. 54 (1): 230–250. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015593461.
Sykora, L. 1999. “Processes of socio-spatial differentiation in post-communist Prague.” Hous. Stud. 14 (5): 679–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673039982678.
Sýkora, L., and S. Bouzarovski. 2012. “Multiple transformations: Conceptualising the post-communist urban transition.” Urban Stud. 49 (1): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098010397402.
Ta, N., and Y. Chai. 2010. “The study on neighborhood change of staff-living community: A perspective of filtering theory.” [In Chinese.] Hum. Geogr. 25 (5): 6–10.
Tan, W. Y., X. Wu, and B. Yan. 2011. “Research on evacuation and refuge radius in the downtown of dense gated communities: A case study of Shapingba downtown in Chongqing.” Disaster Adv. 4: 125–129.
Tanwattana, P. 2018. “Systematizing community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM): Case of urban flood-prone community in Thailand upstream area.” Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 28: 798–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.02.010.
Xiao, Y., and Y. Ren. 2015. “Analysis on the industry distribution of Xi’an in the first five-year plan period (1953–1957).” [In Chinese.] Archit. Cult. 4: 45–48.
Wang, Y. P. 2005. “Low-income communities and urban poverty in China.” Urban Geogr. 26 (3): 222–242. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.26.3.222.
Wang, Y. P., and A. Murie. 2000. “Social and spatial implications of housing reform in China.” Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 24 (2): 397–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00254.
Wei, Y., and H. Yang. 2015. “A historical study of urban industrial patterns in modern Xi’an.” [In Chinese.] Urban Plann. Forum 1: 106–112.
Womack, B. 1991. “An exchange of views about basic Chinese social organization review essay: Transfigured community: Neo-traditionalism and work unit socialism in China.” China Q. 126: 313–332. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741000005221.
Wu, F. 1997. “Urban restructuring in China’s emerging market economy: Towards a framework for analysis.” Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 21 (4): 640–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00106.
Wu, F. 2005. “Rediscovering the “gate” under market transition: From work-unit compounds to commodity housing enclaves.” Hous. Stud. 20 (2): 235–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/026730303042000331754.
Zhang, C., and Y. Chai. 2014. “Un-gated and integrated work unit communities in post-socialist urban China: A case study from Beijing.” Hab. Int. 43 (3): 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.01.011.
Zhou, C., Y. Bian, G. Zhang, and J. Hu. 2016. “Spatial differentiation and the formation mechanism of the middle class areas in Guangzhou.” [In Chinese.] Acta Geogr. Sin. 71 (12): 2089–2102.
Zhou, G. 2014. “Xi’an first round overall planning memory.” [In Chinese.] Urban Dev. Stud. 21 (3): 1–6.
Zhou, J., C. Zhang, X. Chen, H. Wei, and Y. Peng. 2014. “Has the legacy of Danwei persisted in transformations? The jobs-housing balance and commuting efficiency in Xi’an.” J. Trans. Geogr. 40: 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.04.008.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 147 • Issue 3 • September 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 4, 2020
Accepted: Jan 29, 2021
Published online: May 27, 2021
Published in print: Sep 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Oct 27, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Weiwu Wang, Lingjun Liu, Yuxin Yang, Spatial Matching Analysis and Development Strategies of County Night-Time Economy: A Case of Anning County, Yunnan Province, Sustainability, 10.3390/su14094891, 14, 9, (4891), (2022).
- Jie Liu, Tao Chen, Ziyi Chen, Revolution of new energy industry: Spatio-temporal dynamics and drivers of technological diffusion in Zhejiang, China, Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10.3389/fenvs.2022.1058372, 10, (2022).
- Yunjun Zhan, Lintong Sui, Meng Wang, Jiejun Huang, Jieyuan Zhu, Di Chen, Jiemeng Fan, Multiperspective Evaluation Model for the Spatial Distribution of Public Service Facilities Based on Service Capability and Subjective Preferences, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000834, 148, 2, (2022).