Technical Papers
Nov 19, 2020

Impact of Urban Village Disamenity on Neighboring Residential Properties: Empirical Evidence from Nanjing through Hedonic Pricing Model Appraisal

Publication: Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 147, Issue 1

Abstract

This research investigation falls in the very few studies that seek the association between city development and sustainable urban planning. This study emphasized to examine and explore effects of urban village disamenity on Nanjing suburban and posh area property valuation. Globally, slums exist in almost every country; however, researchers focused less on slums’ crumbled infrastructure, crimes, and other social problems; however, few kinds of research studies covered the adverse impact on the property value. This paper plans to seek the effects of rural area migrants on Nanjing City in response to the late 1970 economic reform implementation as they aimed to extract benefits of reforms offering enhanced economic opportunities, higher rate of income and employment, and comprehensive social benefits. This study examined the negativity of urban villages on the surrounding area valuation and its impact on residential properties. The results of this study specified an adverse effect of urban villages on the value of nearby apartments; however, residential units closer to these villages experienced the worst impact compared to the residential apartments located far away. The findings revealed that urban villages' neighborhood negatively influences home selling value when compared with other houses located far away. This study is helpful for government officials and policymakers to resolve urban villages' issues.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgment

We thank the support from the College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University.

References

Abbas, J., M. Aqeel, J. Abbas, B. Shaher, A. Jaffar, J. Sundas, and W. Zhang. 2019a. “The moderating role of social support for marital adjustment, depression, anxiety, and stress: Evidence from Pakistani working and nonworking women.” J. Affective Disord. 244: 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.071.
Abbas, J., S. Raza, M. Nurunnabi, M. S. Minai, and S. Bano. 2019b. “The impact of entrepreneurial business networks on firms’ performance through a mediating role of dynamic capabilities.” Sustainability 11 (11): 3006. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113006.
Adewusi, A. O., and F. A. Onifade. 2006. “The effects of urban solid waste on physical environment and property transactions in Surulere local Government area of Lagos state.” J. Land Dev. Stud. 2 (1): 71–90.
Agee, M. D., and T. D. Crocker. 2010. “Directional heterogeneity of environmental disamenities: The impact of crematory operations on adjacent residential values.” Appl. Econ. 42 (14): 1735–1745. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840701721679.
Ahlfeldt, G. M., and W. Maennig. 2010. “Impact of sports arenas on land values: Evidence from Berlin.” Ann. Reg. Sci. 44 (2): 205–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-008-0249-4.
Akinjare, O. A., A. O. Oluwatobi, and O. C. Iroham. 2011. “Impact of sanitary landfills on urban residential property value in Lagos State, Nigeria.” J. Sustainable Dev. 4 (2): 48. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n2p48.
Aldous, T. 1995. Economics of urban villages. London: Urban Villages Forum.
Aman, J., J. Abbas, S. Mahmood, M. Nurunnabi, and S. Bano. 2019a. “The influence of Islamic religiosity on the perceived socio-cultural impact of sustainable tourism development in Pakistan: A structural equation modeling approach.” Sustainability 11 (11): 3039. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113039.
Aman, J., J. Abbas, M. Nurunnabi, and S. Bano. 2019b. “The relationship of religiosity and marital satisfaction: The role of religious commitment and practices on marital satisfaction among Pakistani respondents.” Behav. Sci. 9 (3): 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9030030.
Anjum, M. N., B. Xiuchun, J. Abbas, and Z. Shuguang. 2017. “Analyzing predictors of customer satisfaction and assessment of retail banking problems in Pakistan.” Cogent Bus. Manag. 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2017.1338842.
Asghari, F. B., A. A. Mohammadi, M. H. Dehghani, and M. Yousefi. 2018. “Data on assessment of groundwater quality with application of ArcGIS in Zanjan, Iran.” Data Brief 18: 375–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.03.059.
Birtchnell, T., N. Gill, and R. Sultana. 2019. “Sleeper cells for urban green infrastructure: Harnessing latent competence in greening Dhaka’s slums.” Urban For. Urban Greening 40: 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.05.014.
Boulton, C., A. Dedekorkut-Howes, and J. Byrne. 2018. “Factors shaping urban greenspace provision: A systematic review of the literature.” Landscape Urban Plann. 178: 82–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.05.029.
Braden, J. B., and C. D. Kolstad. 1991. Measuring the demand for environmental quality. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier
Brennan, M. A. 2018. Decision science for housing and community development: Localized and evidence-based responses to distressed housing and blighted communities By Michael P. Johnson, Jeffrey M. Keisler, Senay Solak, David A. Turcotte, Armagan Bayram, and Rachel Bogardus Drew. Los Angeles: SAGE.
Carson, R. T., N. Flores, and N. F. Meade. 2001. “Contingent valuation: Controversies and evidence.” Environ. Resour. Econ. 19 (2): 173–210. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011128332243.
Chen, H., and X. Wang. 2019. “Exploring the relationship between rural village characteristics and Chinese return migrants’ participation in farming: Path dependence in rural employment.” Cities 88: 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.016.
Christafore, D., and S. Leguizamon. 2012. “The influence of gay and lesbian coupled households on house prices in conservative and liberal neighborhoods.” J. Urban Econ. 71 (2): 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2011.09.004.
Crompton, J. L. 2001. “The impact of parks on property values: A review of the empirical evidence.” J. Leisure Res. 33 (1): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2001.11949928.
Duchemin, E., F. Wegmuller, and A.-M. Legault. 2008. “Urban agriculture: Multi-dimensional tools for social development in poor neighbourhoods.” Field Actions Sci. Rep. 1: 43–52.
Feng, X., and B. R. Humphreys. 2012. “The impact of professional sports facilities on housing values: Evidence from census block group data.” City Culture Soc. 3 (3): 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2012.06.017.
Filippova, O., and M. Rehm. 2011. “The impact of proximity to cell phone towers on residential property values.” Int. J. Hous. Markets Anal. 4 (3): 244–267. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538271111153022.
Garcia-Garcia, M. J., L. Christien, E. García-Escalona, and C. González-García. 2020. “Sensitivity of green spaces to the process of urban planning. Three case studies of Madrid (Spain).” Cities 100: 102655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102655.
Grislain-Letrémy, C., and A. Katossky. 2014. “The impact of hazardous industrial facilities on housing prices: A comparison of parametric and semiparametric hedonic price models.” Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. 49: 93–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2014.09.002.
Hao, P., R. Sliuzas, and S. Geertman. 2011. “The development and redevelopment of urban villages in Shenzhen.” Habitat Int. 35 (2): 214–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2010.09.001.
Hasan, A., and M. Raza. 2009. “The Pakistan context.” In Migration and small towns in Pakistan, 2–10. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
Hidano, N. 2002. The economic valuation of the environment and public policy: A hedonic approach. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Hite, D., W. Chern, F. Hitzhusen, and A. Randall. 2001. “Property-value impacts of an environmental disamenity: The case of landfills.” J. Real Estate Finance Econ. 22 (2/3): 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007839413324.
Hossain, B., and S. Naimul Wadood. 2020. “Impact of urban microfinance on the livelihood strategies of borrower slum dwellers in the Dhaka city, Bangladesh.” J. Urban Manage. 9 (2): 151–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2019.12.003.
Hull, M. S. 2012. Government of paper: The materiality of bureaucracy in urban Pakistan. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press.
Hussain, T., J. Abbas, Z. Wei, and M. Nurunnabi. 2019. “The effect of sustainable urban planning and slum disamenity on the value of neighboring residential property: Application of the hedonic pricing model in rent price appraisal.” Sustainability 11 (4): 1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041144.
Jiang, Y., N. Mohabir, R. Ma, L. Wu, and M. Chen. 2020. “Whose village? Stakeholder interests in the urban renewal of Hubei old village in Shenzhen.” Land Use Policy 91: 104411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104411.
Jim, C. Y., and W. Y. Chen. 2006. “Impacts of urban environmental elements on residential housing prices in Guangzhou (China).” Landscape Urban Plann. 78 (4): 422–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.12.003.
Jim, C. Y., and W. Y. Chen. 2010. “External effects of neighbourhood parks and landscape elements on high-rise residential value.” Land Use Policy 27 (2): 662–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.08.027.
Jung, E., Y. Choi, and H. Yoon. 2016. “The impact of the Gyeongui Line Park project on residential property values in Seoul, Korea.” Habitat Int. 58: 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.10.002.
Kaufman, D. A., and N. R. Cloutier. 2006. “The impact of small brownfields and greenspaces on residential property values.” J. Real Estate Finance Econ. 33 (1): 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-006-8272-7.
Ke, S., Y. Song, and M. He. 2009. “Determinants of urban spatial scale: Chinese cities in transition.” Urban Stud. 46 (13): 2795–2813. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009345813.
Kiel, K. A. 2017. “Environmental contamination and house values.” In Environmental valuation, edited by J. I. Carruthers and B. Mundy, 139–164. London: Routledge.
Kiel, K. A., and K. T. McClain. 1995a. “House prices during siting decision stages: The case of an incinerator from rumor through operation.” J. Environ. Econ. Manage. 28 (2): 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1995.1016.
Kiel, K. A., and K. T. McClain. 1995b. “The effect of an incinerator siting on housing appreciation rates.” J. Urban Econ. 37 (3): 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1995.1016.
Klenosky, D. B., S. A. Snyder, C. A. Vogt, and L. K. Campbell. 2017. “If we transform the landfill, will they come? Predicting visitation to Freshkills Park in New York City.” Landscape Urban Plann. 167: 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.07.011.
Kristiánová, K. 2016. “Post-socialist transformations of green open spaces in large scale socialist housing estates in Slovakia.” Procedia Eng. 161: 1863–1867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.715.
Liu, Y., S. He, F. Wu, and C. Webster. 2010. “Urban villages under China’s rapid urbanization: Unregulated assets and transitional neighbourhoods.” Habitat Int. 34 (2): 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.08.003.
Mahabir, R., A. Crooks, A. Croitoru, and P. Agouris. 2016. “The study of slums as social and physical constructs: Challenges and emerging research opportunities.” Reg. Stud. Reg. Sci. 3 (1): 399–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2016.1229130.
Mamirkulova, G., J. Mi, J. Abbas, S. Mahmood, R. Mubeen, and Ziapour, A. 2020. “New Silk Road infrastructure opportunities in developing tourism environment for residents better quality of life.” Global Ecol. Conserv. 24: e01194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01194.
McCord, J., M. J. McCord, W. McCluskey, P. Davis, D. McIhatton, and M. Haran. 2013. “Belfast’s iron(ic) curtain.” J. Eur. Real Estate Res. 6 (3): 333–358. https://doi.org/10.1108/JERER-08-2013-0018.
Mei, Y., B. Sohngen, and T. Babb. 2018. “Valuing urban wetland quality with hedonic price model.” Ecol. Indic. 84: 535–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.09.022.
Mobrand, E. 2006. “Politics of cityward migration: An overview of China in comparative perspective.” Habitat Int. 30 (2): 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.02.001.
Mubeen, R., D. Han, J. Abbas, and I. Hussain. 2020. “The effects of market competition, capital structure, and CEO duality on firm performance: A mediation analysis by incorporating the GMM model technique.” Sustainability 12 (8): 3480. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083480.
Muhammad, I. 2017. “Disamenity impact of Nala Lai (open sewer) on house rent in Rawalpindi city.” Environ. Econ. Policy Stud. 19 (1): 77–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-015-0136-z.
Nanjing Bureau of Statistics. 2017. “Nanjing bureau of statistics report.” Accessed December 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20171006211945/http://www.njtj.gov.cn/47448/47462/index_1.html.
National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2009. China statistical yearbook 2008. Beijing: China Statistics Press.
Neelawala, P., C. Wilson, and W. Athukorala. 2013. “The impact of mining and smelting activities on property values: A study of Mount Isa city, Queensland, Australia.” Aust. J. Agric. Resour. Econ. 57 (1): 60–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8489.2012.00604.x.
Nicholls, S., and J. L. Crompton. 2007. “The impact of a golf course on residential property values.” J. Sport Manage. 21 (4): 555–570. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.21.4.555.
Ozarisoy, B. 2018. “An investigation of urban process and mass housing estates development through topographical formations in urban peripheries: A case study of Famagusta, Cyprus.” Land Use Policy 79: 481–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.08.040.
Pagourtzi, E., V. Assimakopoulos, T. Hatzichristos, and N. French. 2003. “Real estate appraisal: A review of valuation methods.” J. Property Investment Finance 21 (4): 383–401. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635780310483656.
Park, J., D. Lee, C. Park, H. Kim, T. Jung, and S. Kim. 2017. “Park accessibility impacts housing prices in Seoul.” Sustainability 9 (2): 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020185.
Pouresmaeil, M., J. Abbas, M. Solhi, A. Ziapour, and E. Fattahi. 2019. “Prioritizing health promotion lifestyle domains in students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences from the students and professors’ perspective.” J. Educ. Health Promot. 8: 228. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_250_19.
Preez, M. d., M. Balcilar, A. Razak, S. F. Koch, and R. Gupta. 2016. “House values and proximity to a landfill in South Africa.” J. Real Estate Lit. 24 (1): 133–149.
Priyankara, H., F. Luo, A. Saeed, S. Nubuor, and M. Jayasuriya. 2018. “How does leader’s support for environment promote organizational citizenship behaviour for environment? A multi-theory perspective.” Sustainability 10 (1): 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010271.
Reichert, A., M. Small, and S. Mohanty. 1992. “The impact of landfills on residential property values.” J. Real Estate Res. 7 (3): 297–314.
Schwarz, P. M., G. L. Gill, A. Hanning, and C. A. Cox. 2017. “Estimating the effects of brownfields and brownfield remediation on property values in a New South city.” Contemp. Econ. Policy 35 (1): 143–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/coep.12171.
Shuja, K. H., M. Aqeel, A. Jaffar, and A. Ahmed. 2020. “COVID-19 Pandemic and impending global mental health implications.” Psychiatria Danubina 32 (1): 32–35. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.32.
Shukur, F., N. Othman, and A. H. Nawawi. 2012. “The Values of Parks to the House Residents.” Procedia Soc Behav Sci 49: 350–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.07.033.
Sirmans, S., D. Macpherson, and E. Zietz. 2005. “The composition of hedonic pricing models.” J. Real Estate Lit. 13 (1): 1–44.
Smolen, G., G. Moore, and L. Conway. 1991. “Economic effects of hazardous waste landfills on surrounding real estate values in Toledo, Ohio.” J. Real Estate Res. 7: 283–295.
Sohn, W., H. W. Kim, J.-H. Kim, and M.-H. Li. 2020. “The capitalized amenity of green infrastructure in single-family housing values: An application of the spatial hedonic pricing method.” Urban For. Urban Greening 49: 126643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126643.
Song, L., and C. Fang. 2018. China’s 40 years of reform and development: 1978–2018. Canberra, Australia: ANU Press.
Song, Y., and Y. Zenou. 2012. “Urban villages and housing values in China.” Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. 42 (3): 495–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2011.06.003.
Tang, F.-t. 1975. “Detection and estimation of transportation impact with models of suburban residential property sales prices.”
Thomas, C., and G. Welke. 2017. “The effect of HVTLs on property values: An event study.” Int. Real Estate Rev. 20 (2): 167–187.
Timpanaro, G., V. Foti, A. Scuderi, S. Toscano, and D. Romano. 2017. “Urban agriculture as a tool for sustainable social recovery of metropolitan slum area in Italy: Case Catania.” In Proc., Int. Symp. on Greener Cities for More Efficient Ecosystem Services in a Climate Changing World 1215, 315–318. https://www.actahort.org/books/1215/1215_58.htm.
Trojanek, R., and M. Gluszak. 2018. “Spatial and time effect of subway on property prices.” J. Hous. Built Environ. 33 (2): 359–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-017-9569-y.
UN-HABITAT. 2010. State of the world’s cities 2010/2011—Cities for all: Bridging the urban divide. Nairobi, Kenya: UN-HABITAT.
United Nations. 2008. United nation demographic yearbook. New York: UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs.
Warren, C. M. J., P. Elliott, and J. Staines. 2017. “The impacts of historic districts on residential property land values in Australia.” Int. J. Hous. Markets Anal. 10 (1): 66–80. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHMA-02-2016-0015.
Wen, H., Y. Zhang, and L. Zhang. 2015. “Assessing amenity effects of urban landscapes on housing price in Hangzhou, China.” Urban For. Urban Greening 14 (4): 1017–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.09.013.
Wu, F. 2007. “Beyond gradualism: China’s urban revolution and emerging cities.” In China’s emerging cities, edited by F. Wu, 21–43. London: Routledge.
Yang, Q., and Y. Cai. 2020. “Housing property redistribution and elite capture in the redevelopment of urban villages: A case study in Wuhan, China.” J. Cleaner Prod. 262: 121192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121192.
Yang, L., J. Zhou, O. F. Shyr, and D. Huo. 2019. “Does bus accessibility affect property prices?” Cities 84: 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.07.005.
Yinger, J. 2017. Housing and commuting: The theory of urban residential structure: A textbook in urban economics. Singapore: World Scientific.
Yoosefi Lebni, J., J. Abbas, F. Moradi, M. R. Salahshoor, F. Chaboksavar, S. F. Irandoost, N. Nezhaddadgar, and A. Ziapour. 2020. “How the COVID-19 pandemic effected economic, social, political, and cultural factors: A lesson from Iran.” Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020939984.
Yu, L., B. Xie, and E. H. W. Chan. 2019. “Exploring impacts of the built environment on transit travel: Distance, time and mode choice, for urban villages in Shenzhen, China.” Transp. Res. Part E 132: 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2019.11.004.
Zeng, H., X. Yu, and J. Zhang. 2019. “Urban village demolition, migrant workers” rental costs and housing choices: Evidence from Hangzhou, China.” Cities 94: 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.029.
Zhang, L. 2005. “Migrant enclaves and impacts of redevelopment policy in Chinese cities.” In Restructuring the Chinese city: Changing society, economy and space, edited by L. J. C. Ma and F. Wu, 218–233. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis.
Zhao, Q., R. A. Simons, and Z. Fen. 2016a. “The effect of three incineration plants on residential property values in Hangzhou, China.” Int. Real Estate Rev. 19 (4): 515–546.
Zhao, Q., R. A. Simons, F. Li-jun, and Z. Fen. 2016b. “The effect of the Nengda incineration plant on residential property values in Hangzhou, China.” J. Real Estate Lit. 24 (1): 85–102.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 147Issue 1March 2021

History

Received: Aug 13, 2019
Accepted: Aug 18, 2020
Published online: Nov 19, 2020
Published in print: Mar 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Apr 19, 2021

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Touseef Hussain [email protected]
Ph.D. Scholar, College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., 210095 Nanjing, China. Email: [email protected]
Antai College of Economics and Management (ACM), Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ. (SJTU), No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Minhang District, 200240 Shanghai, China; School of Media and Communication (SMC), Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ. (SJTU), No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Minhang District, 200240 Shanghai, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8830-1435. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Professor, College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., 210095 Nanjing, China (corresponding author). Email: [email protected]
Shakeel Ahmad [email protected]
M.S. Scholar, College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., 210095 Nanjing, China. Email: [email protected]
M.S. Scholar, College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., 210095 Nanjing, China. Email: [email protected]
Researcher, College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., 210095 Nanjing, China. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share