Brownfield Redevelopment Challenges: A Luxembourg Example
Publication: Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 146, Issue 2
Abstract
Brownfield redevelopment has become a leitmotiv of urban policies aiming for environmental virtues and the revitalization of cities. Moreover, it appears to be a sustainable solution to the problem of meeting the demand for new development zones without expanding into greenfield sites. However, many obstacles can hinder the effective implementation of such projects. The current article focuses on the brownfield redevelopment policy followed in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and, more specifically, on the Belval project. It highlights its challenges, implementation modalities, public–private partnership arrangements, and also limitations in terms of citizen participation and spatial integration. The results show that the Belval redevelopment project has allowed the preservation of greenfield sites from the equivalent of 3 years of urban expansion (550 ha).
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Adams, D., C. de Sousa, and S. Tiesdell. 2010. “Brownfield development: A comparison of North American and British approaches.” Urban Stud. 47 (1): 75–104.
Adams, D., A. Disberry, N. Hutchison, and T. Munjoma. 2001. “Ownership constraints to brownfield redevelopment.” Environ. Plann. A 33 (3): 453–477.
Adair, A., J. Berry, S. McGreal, B. Deddis, and S. Hirst. 1999. “Evaluation of investor behaviour in urban regeneration.” Urban Stud. 36 (12): 2031–2045.
Agranoff, R., and M. McGuire. 2011. “Big questions in public network management research.” J. Public Admin. Res. Theory 11: 195–326.
Alberini, A., A. Longo, S. Tonin, F. Trombetta, and M. Turvani. 2005. “The role of liability, regulation and economic incentives in brownfield remediation and redevelopment: Evidence from surveys of developers.” Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. 35 (4): 327–351.
Albrechts, L., and G. Lievois. 2004. “The Flemish diamond: Urban network in the making?” Eur. Plann. Stud. 12 (3): 351–370.
Alker, S., V. Joy, P. Roberts, and N. Smith. 2000. “The definition of brownfield.” J. Environ. Plann. Manage. 43 (1): 49–69.
Amekudzi, A., S. McNeil, and H. Koutsopoulos. 2003. “Assessing extrajurisdictional and areawide impacts of clustered brownfield developments.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 129 (1): 27–44.
Baing, A. S. 2010. “Containing urban sprawl? Comparing brownfield reuse policies in England and Germany.” Int. Plann. Stud. 15 (1): 25–35.
Baldi, F. 2013. “Valuing a greenfield real estate property development project: A real options approach.” J. Eur. Real Estate Res. 6 (2): 186–217.
Bartlett, E., and N. Howard. 2000. “Informing the decision makers on the cost and value of green building.” Build. Res. Inf. 28 (5–6): 315–324.
BCI and BRO (Buck Consultants International BRO). 1999. Meer private betrokkenheid als kans bij herstructurering—Advice for Dutch ministry of economic affairs. Hague, Netherlands: Buck Consultants International BRO.
Belniak, S. 2008. “A partnership of public and private sectors as a model for the implementation of urban revitalization projects.” J. Eur. Real Estate Res. 1 (2): 139–150.
Berardo, R., and J. T. Scholz. 2010. “Self-organizing policy networks: Risk, partner selection, and cooperation in estuaries.” Am. J. Political Sci. 54 (3): 632–649.
Berger, A. 2006. Drosscape: Wasting land urban America. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
Bernath Walker, S., T. Boutilier, and K. W. Hipel. 2010. “Systems management study of a private brownfield renovation.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 136 (3): 249–260.
Blokhuis, E. G. J., C. C. P. Snijders, Q. Han, and W. F. Schaefer. 2012. “Conflicts and cooperation in brownfield redevelopment projects: Application of conjoint analysis and game theory to model strategic decision making.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 138 (3): 195–205.
Burger, J., R. P. Graaf, and G. J. Helmerhorst. 2008. “Dynamic actor network steering and control: Managing actor networks in the construction process.” In Design & decision support systems in architecture and urban planning, edited by H. Timmermans and B. de Vries. Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology. CD-ROM.
CABERNET (Concerted Action on Brownfield and Economic Regeneration Network). 2006. Sustainable Brownfield Regeneration: CABERNET Network Report. Univ. of Nottingham: Nottingham.
Carroll, D. A., and R. J. Eger. 2006. “Brownfields, crime, and tax increment financing.” Am. Rev. Public Admin. 36 (4): 455–477.
Chang, H. F., and H. Sigman. 2007. “The effect of joint and several liability under superfund on brownfields.” Int. Rev. Law Econ. 27 (4): 363–384.
Chen, Y., K. W. Hipel, D. Marc Kilgour, and Y. Zhu. 2009. “A strategic classification support system for brownfield redevelopment.” Environ. Model. Softw. 24 (5): 647–654.
Coffin, S. L. 2003. “Closing the brownfield information gap: Some practical methods for identifying brownfields.” Environ. Pract. 5 (1): 34–39.
Decoville, A. 2008. “Métropolisation et résistance des territoires: l’exemple luxembourgeois” L’espace politique 4 (1), 53–68.
Decoville, A. 2018. “Use and misuse of indicators in spatial planning: The example of land take.” Plann. Pract. Res. 33 (1): 70–85.
Decoville, A., and V. Feltgen. 2018. Diagnostic du développement territorial. Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg: Ministry for Sustainable Development and Infrastructure LISER.
Decoville, A., V. Feltgen, N. Raimbault, and Gorczynska M. 2017. Site Esch-Schifflange. Étude de faisabilité. Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg: AGORA LISER.
Decoville, A., and M. Schneider. 2016. “Can the 2050 zero land take objective of the EU be reliably monitored? A comparative study.” J. Land Use Sci. 11: 331–349.
De Sousa, C. 2000. “Brownfield redevelopment versus greenfield development: A private sector perspective on the costs and risks associated with brownfield redevelopment in the greater Toronto area.” J. Environ. Plann. Manage. 43 (6): 831–853.
De Sousa, C. A. 2002. “Measuring the public costs and benefits of brownfield versus greenfield development in the greater Toronto area.” Environ. Plann. B 29 (2): 251–280.
De Sousa, C. A., C. Wu, and L. M. Westphal. 2009. “Assessing the effect of publicly assisted brownfield redevelopment on surrounding property values.” Econ. Dev. Q. 23 (2): 95–110.
del Mistro, R., and D. A. Hensher. 2009. “Upgrading informal settlements in South Africa: Policy, rhetoric and what residents really value.” Hous. Stud. 24 (3): 333–354.
Dixon, T., and D. Adams. 2008. “Housing supply and brownfield regeneration in a post-barker world: Is there enough brownfield land in England and Scotland?” Urban Stud. 45 (1): 115–139.
EC (European Economic). 2011. “Roadmap to a resource efficient Europe.” Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of Regions. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.
Foley, J. A., et al. 2005. “Global consequences of land use.” Science 309 (5734): 570–574.
Ganser, R. 2008. “Monitoring brownfield housing development: Strengths and weaknesses of indicator based monitoring in the English planning system.” J. Environ. Plann. Manage. 51 (2): 201–220.
Ganser, R., and K. Williams. 2007. “Brownfield development: Are we using the right targets? Evidence from England and Germany.” Eur. Plann. Stud. 15 (5): 603–622.
Glaeser, E. L., J. Gyourko, and R. E. Saks. 2006. “Urban growth and housing supply.” J. Econ. Geogr. 6 (1): 71–89.
Glumac, B., Q. Han, and W. Schaefer. 2018. “A negotiation decision model for public–private partnerships in brownfield redevelopment.” Environ. Plann. B 45: 145–160.
Glumac, B., Q. Han, and W. F. Schaefer. 2015a. “Actors’ preferences in the redevelopment of brownfield: Latent class model.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 141 (2): 04014017.
Glumac, B., Q. Han, W. F. Schaefer, and E. van der Krabben. 2015b. “Negotiation issues in forming public-private partnerships for brownfield redevelopment: Applying a game theoretical experiment.” Land Use Policy 47: 66–77.
Glumac, B., Q. Han, J. Smeets, and W. Schaefer. 2011. “Brownfield redevelopment features: Applying fuzzy delphi.” J. Eur. Real Estate Res. 4 (2): 145–159.
Glumac, B., M. Herrera-Gomez, and J. Licheron. 2019. “A hedonic urban land price index.” Land Use Policy 81: 802–812.
Greenfinch. 2018. The Luxembopurg real estate radar. Luxembourg City, Luxembourg: Cushman and Wakefield.
Grimsey, D., and M. K. Lewis. 2002. “Evaluating the risks of public private partnerships for infrastructure projects.” Int. J. Project Manage. 20 (2): 107–118.
Hesse, M. 2016. “On borrowed size, flawed urbanisation and emerging enclave spaces: The exceptional urbanism of Luxembourg, Luxembourg.” Eur. Urban Reg. Stud. 23 (4): 612–627.
Hieminga, G. 2006. Projectontwikkeling Marketperspectief & Integrale Gebiedsgerichte Herstructurering. Amsterdam, Netherlands: ING Bank, Economisch Bureau ING.
Howland, M. 2007. “Employment effects of brownfield redevelopment: What do we know from the literature?” J. Plann. Lit. 22 (2): 91–107.
Jaeger, J. A. G., and C. Schwick. 2014. “Improving the measurement of urban sprawl: Weighted urban proliferation (WUP) and its application to Switzerland.” Ecol. Indic. 38: 294–308.
Liu, B., X. Wang, N. Xia, and W. Ni. 2018. “Critical success factors for the management of public participation in urban renewal projects: Perspectives from governments and the public in China.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 144 (3): 04018026.
Loures, L., T. Panagopoulos, and J. B. Burley. 2016. “Assessing user preferences on post-industrial redevelopment.” Environ. Plann. B 43 (5): 871–892.
Loures, L., and E. Vaz. 2018. “Exploring expert perception towards brownfield redevelopment benefits according to their typology.” Habitat Int. 72: 66–76.
Martinat, S., J. Navratil, K. Picha, K. Tureckova, and P. Klusacek. 2017. “Brownfield regeneration from the perspective of residents: Place circumstances versus character of respondents.” Deturope 9: 71–92.
Mathey, J., S. Rößler, J. Banse, I. Lehmann, and A. Bräuer. 2015. “Brownfields as an element of green infrastructure for implementing ecosystem services into urban areas.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 141 (3): A4015001.
McAllister, R. R. J., B. M. Taylor, and B. P. Harman. 2015. “Partnership networks for urban development: How structure is shaped by risk.” Policy Stud. J. 43 (3): 379–398.
McCarthy, L. 2009. “Off the mark? Efficiency in targeting the most marketable sites rather than equity in public assistance for brownfield redevelopment.” Econ. Dev. Q. 23 (3): 211–228.
Nagengast, A., C. Hendrickson, and D. Lange. 2011. “Commuting from U.S. brownfield and greenfield residential development neighborhoods.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 137 (3): 298–304.
Nappi-Choulet, I. 2006. “The role and behaviour of commercial property investors and developers in French urban regeneration: The experience of the Paris region.” Urban Stud. 43 (9): 1511–1535.
Németh, J., and J. Langhorst. 2014. “Rethinking urban transformation: Temporary uses for vacant land.” Cities 40: 143–150.
Nonet, E. 2012. “la reconquête des terrains sinistrés.” Le Quotidien, January 31, 2012.
Nonet, E. 2014. “douze millions de plus.” Le Quotidien, January 21, 2014.
NRTEE (National Round Table Environment and Economy). 2003. Cleaning up the past, building the future: A national brownfield redevelopment strategy for Canada. Ottawa, ON: NRTEE.
Olden, H. 2007. Remmende factoren bij het herstructureren van bedrijventerreinen. Utrecht, Netherlands: STOGO.
Oliver, L., U. Ferber, D. Grimski, K. Millar, and P. Nathanail. 2005. The scale and nature of European brownfield. Utrecht, Netherlands: European Commission Community Research.
POST (Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology). 1998. A brown and pleasant land. London: POST.
Salvati, L., I. Zambon, F. M. Chelli, and P. Serra. 2018. “Do spatial patterns of urbanization and land consumption reflect different socioeconomic contexts in Europe?” Sci. Total Environ. 625: 722–730.
Samsura, D. A. A., E. van der Krabben, and A. M. A. van Deemen. 2010. “A game theory approach to the analysis of land and property development processes.” Land Use Policy 27 (2): 564–578.
Schädler, S., M. Morio, S. Bartke, R. Rohr-Zänker, and M. Finkel. 2011. “Designing sustainable and economically attractive brownfield revitalization options using an integrated assessment model.” J. Environ. Manage. 92 (3): 827–837.
Schuddeboom, J., H. W. J. Ovink, and P. van Geffen. 2007. IBIS werklocaties: De stand in planning en uitgifte van bedrijventerreinen 1 januari 2007 en de uitgifte in 2006. Den Hague, Netherlands: Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Development and Environment ARCADIS Stec Groep.
Schuur, J., A. S. Verrips, and P. H. A. M. Arts. 2001. Veroudering van bedrijventerreinen, een structuur voor herstructurering. The Hague, Netherlands: Centraal Planbureau.
Siebielec, G., et al. 2012. “Brownfield redevelopment as an alternative to greenfield consumption in urban development in central Europe.” Deliverable Report No. 6.1.3. Stuttgart, Germany: European Union European Regional Development Fund and Urban SMS Soil Management Strategy.
Sounderpandian, J., N. Frank, and S. Chalasani. 2005. “A support system for mediating brownfields redevelopment negotiations.” Ind. Manage. Data Syst. 105 (2): 237–254.
Swyngedouw, E., F. Moulaert, and A. Rodriguez. 2002. “Neoliberal urbanization in Europe: Large-scale urban development projects and the new urban policy.” Antipode 34 (3): 542–577.
Syms, P. 1999. “Redeveloping brownfield land: The decision making process.” J. Prop. Investment Finance 17 (5): 481–500.
Thomas, M. R. 2003. “Brownfield redevelopment: Information issues and the affected public.” Environ. Pract. 5 (1): 62–68.
Thornton, G., M. Franz, D. Edwards, G. Pahlen, and P. Nathanail. 2007. “The challenge of sustainability: Incentives for brownfield regeneration in Europe.” Environ. Sci. Policy 10 (2): 116–134.
USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1996. Soil screening guidance technical background document. Rep. No. EPA/540 95. Washington, DC: Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
Van Bortel, G., and M. Elsinga. 2007. “A network perspective on the organization of social housing in the Netherlands: The case of urban renewal in the Hague.” Hous. Theory Soc. 24 (1): 32–48.
Wedding, G. C., and D. Crawford-Brown. 2007. “Measuring site-level success in brownfield redevelopments: A focus on sustainability and green building.” J. Environ. Manage. 85 (2): 483–495.
Weihe, G. 2006. Public–Private partnerships: Addressing a nebulous concept. Copenhagen, Denmark: International Center for Business and Politics, Copenhagen Business School.
Yount, K. R., and P. B. Meyer. 1999. “Project scale and private sector environmental decision making: Factors affecting investments in small- and large-scale brownfield projects.” Urban Ecosyst. 3 (2): 179–193.
Yousefi, S., K. Hipel, and T. Hegazy. 2010. “Considering attitudes in strategic negotiation over Brownfield disputes.” J. Legal Affairs Dispute Resolut. Eng. Construct. 2 (4): 240–247.
Yousefi, S., K. W. Hipel, T. Hegazy, J. A. Witmer, and P. Gray. 2007. Negotiation characteristics in brownfield redevelopment projects. New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 146 • Issue 2 • June 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 22, 2018
Accepted: Sep 16, 2019
Published online: Mar 14, 2020
Published in print: Jun 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Aug 14, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.