Transportation Impacts on Cityscape Preservation: Spatial Distribution and Attributes of Surface Parking Lots in the Historic Central Districts
Publication: Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 146, Issue 2
Abstract
Surface parking lots located without careful planning and appropriate regulations, combined with the visual clutter of related signs and equipment, degrade cityscapes. The negative impacts on the cityscape are especially problematic in historic cities such as Kyoto where close attention is paid to historic preservation. In this study, we analyzed the spatial distribution of visitor surface parking within the historic central districts of two cities—Kyoto and Philadelphia—to examine the discontinuity of streetscapes. We also explored how different approaches to historic preservation influenced surface parking locations in these two cities. The analysis results showed that the location patterns of surface parking differed significantly between the two cities. Many small-scale surface parking lots below 500 m2 were distributed throughout the entire city of Kyoto, while a smaller number of large-scale surface parking lots were concentrated in the center of Philadelphia’s historic district. The scattered spatial patterns cause discontinuity of the streetscape in both cities, but to a more substantial magnitude in Kyoto. It is recommended that municipalities with historic significance incorporate appropriate parking plans within the scope of historic preservation.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Alexander, C., S. Ishikawa, and M. Silverstein. 1977. A pattern language: Towns, buildings, construction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Anselin, L. 1995. “Local indicators of spatial association-LISA.” Geog. Anal. 27 (2): 93–115.
Austin, M., D. Kanthor, and S. Gates. 2015. “Center city, Philadelphia parking inventory.” Philadelphia City Planning Commission. Accessed February 5, 2019. https://www.phila.gov/media/20190724160659/2015_Parking_Study.pdf.
Ben-Joseph, E. 2012. Rethinking a lot: The design and culture of parking. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Calthorpe, P. 1995. The next American metropolis: Ecology, community, and the American dream. 3rd ed. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
Center City District, Central Philadelphia Development Corporation, and Central Philadelphia Transportation Management Association. 2016. “Getting to work: Transit, density & opportunity.” Center City District. Accessed May 15, 2019. https://centercityphila.org/uploads/attachments/cislxs8dz0015l8qdy307ipn2-ccr16-transportation.pdf.
Chujo, J., and S. Higuchi. 2002. “Study on mechanism of generating extensive used lands at central area in local city and evaluation of their effective utilization measures—Case study on Nagaoka City.” [In Japanese.] J. City Plann. Inst. Jpn. 37: 595–600.
City of Kyoto. 2016. “Exemption system from parking lot obligation in Kyoto City.” [In Japanese.] Accessed February 10, 2019. http://www.jtpa.or.jp/contents/pdf/toshi102.pdf.
City of Philadelphia. 2010. “Design guidelines for off-street parking.” City of Philadelphia. Accessed October 10, 2018. http://legacy.phila.gov/CityPlanning/resources/Publications/parkingdesign.pdf.
Cliff, A. D., and J. K. Ord. 1981. Spatial processes: Models and applications. London: Pion.
Crankshaw, N. 2001. “Spatial models for parking and pedestrian access in historic downtowns: A preservation and design perspective.” Landscape J. 20 (1): 77–89.
Davis, A. Y., B. C. Pijanowski, K. D. Robinson, and B. Engel. 2010a. “The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States.” Land Use Policy 27 (2): 255–261.
Davis, A. Y., B. C. Pijanowski, K. D. Robinson, and P. B. Kidwell. 2010b. “Estimating parking lot footprints in the Upper Great Lakes Region of the USA.” Landscape Urban Plann. 96 (2): 68–77.
Ishida, T. 2006. “Cracking down on illegal parking through new parking legislation.” [In Japanese.] IATSS Rev. 31 (2): 39–45.
Kenworthy, J., and F. Laube. 1999. An international sourcebook of automobile dependence in cities, 1960–1990. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.
Kerr, A. 2014. Theory of Japanese landscape. [In Japanese.] Tokyo: Shueisha.
Kunstler, J. H. 1994. The geography of nowhere: The rise and decline of America’s man-made landscape. New York: Free Press.
Kyoto City. 2013. “The fifth Kinki-region person-trip survey report in 2010.” [In Japanese.] Kyoto City Official Website. Accessed May 15, 2019. https://www.city.kyoto.lg.jp/tokei/cmsfiles/contents/0000217/217429/H22(HP).pdf.
Mainichi Shimbun Newspaper. 2010. “The front page of evening edition.” [In Japanese.] January 25, 2010.
Manville, M., and D. Shoup. 2005. “Parking, people, and cities.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 131 (4): 233–245.
Mitchell, A. 2009. The ESRI guide to GIS analysis. Vol. 2 of Spatial measurements and statistics. Redlands, CA: ESRI.
Moran, P. A. P. 1948. “The interpretation of statistical maps.” J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B 10 (2): 243–251.
Mukhija, V., and D. Shoup. 2006. “Quantity versus quality in off-street parking requirements.” J. Am. Plann. Assoc. 72 (3): 296–308.
Rebora, S. J. 2018. “Chapter 10: Architecture and aesthetics.” In A guide to parking, edited by K. Fernandez and R. Yoka, 83–90. New York: Routledge.
Shoup, D. 2005. The high cost of free parking. Washington, DC: American Planning Association.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 146 • Issue 2 • June 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 16, 2018
Accepted: Aug 28, 2019
Published online: Apr 7, 2020
Published in print: Jun 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Sep 7, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.