Development of Emission Factors for an Urban Road Network Based on Speed Distributions
Publication: Journal of Transportation Engineering
Volume 142, Issue 9
Abstract
To investigate the feasibility of incorporating speed distributions instead of average speeds to develop emission factors for emission estimations, this research collects large amounts of emission and traffic activity data. First, the relationship between emission factors and average speeds is developed. Second, speed distributions during daytime hours for classified roads are analyzed to find the speed distribution on the expressway followed the bimodal distribution; speed distributions on arterials and collectors followed the same distribution pattern, but with a single peak. Third, the research develops emission factors for the road network based on speed distributions, then compared these with those found using the traditional average-speed-based method. A comparative analysis shows even though both emission factors for these two distinct methods presented a similar variation trend, the results from the average-speed-based method were lower. The research identifies two reasons for those differences. First, speed distributions are flatter during peak hours, and secondly, the relationship between average speeds and emission factors is nonlinear in nature; thus, the relative differences in the low-speed fraction increased more significantly during peak hours.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the support of this paper by National Basic Research Program of China # 2012CB725403, the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) # 71273024 and 51208033, the National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant # 1137732, and the Fundamental Research Funds # 2016YJS078. The authors are thankful to all the personnel who either provided technical support or helped with data collection and processing.
References
Ahn, K., Rakha, H., Trani, A., and Van Aerde, M. (2002). “Estimating vehicle fuel consumption and emissions based on instantaneous speed and acceleration levels.” J. Transp. Eng., 128(2), 182–190.
Barlow, T. J., Hickman, A. J., and Boulter, P. (2001). Exhaust emission factors 2000: Database and emission factors, Transport Research Laboratory, Dept. for Transport, Berkshire, U.K.
Beijing Municipal Vehicle Emissions Management Center. (2013). “2013 annual report of vehicle emissions control in Beijing.” Beijing (in Chinese).
Beijing Transportation Research Center. (2013). “2012 Annual report of road traffic emission control in Beijing.” Beijing (in Chinese).
California Environmental Protection Agency. (2013). EMFAC 2011-LDV User’s guide, CA.
Chatterjee, A., et al. (1997). “Improving transportation data for mobile source emissions estimates.” NCHRP Rep., Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Daganzo, C. (1997). Fundamentals of transportation and traffic operations, Emerald, Pergamon-Elsevier, Oxford, U.K.
Eggleston, S., Gorißen, N., Joumard, R., Rijkeboer, R. C., Samaras, Z., and Zierock, K. H. (1989). “CORINAIR working group on emission factors for calculating 1985 emissions from road traffic. Volume 1: Methodology and emission factors.” Transport Research Laboratory, Berkshire, U.K.
European Environment Agency. (2013). EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2013, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Kota, S. H., Ying, Q., and Schade, G. W. (2012). “MOVES vs. MOBILE6.2: Differences in emission factors and regional air quality predictions.” Proc., Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
Kristensson, A., et al. (2004). “Real-world traffic emission factors of gases and particles measured in a road tunnel in Stockholm, Sweden.” Atmos. Environ., 38(5), 657–673.
Li, M., Boriboonsomsin, K., Wu, G., Zhang, W., and Barth, M. (2009). “Traffic energy and emission reductions at signalized intersections: A study of the benefits of advanced driver information.” Int. J. ITS Res., 7(1), 49–58.
Nesamani, K. S., Chu, L., McNally, M. G., and Jayakrishnan, R. (2007). “Estimation of vehicular emissions by capturing traffic variations.” Atmos. Environ., 41(14), 2996–3008.
Scora, G., and Barth, M. (2006). Comprehensive modal emissions model (CHEM) version 3.01, Univ. of California, Riverside, CA.
Smit, R., Poelman, M., and Schrijverb, J. (2008). “Improved road traffic emission inventories by adding mean speed distributions.” Atmos. Environ., 42(5), 916–926.
Smit, R., Smokers, R., and Rabe, E. (2007). “A new modeling approach for road traffic emissions: VERSIT+.” Transp. Res. Part D: Trans. Environ., 12(6), 414–422.
Song, G., Yu, L., and Wu, Y. (2014). “Development of speed correction factors based on speed-specific VSP distributions for urban restricted access roadways in Beijing.” Proc., Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
Standing Committee of Beijing Municipal People’s Congress. (2010). “Implementing of law of the People’s Republic of China on road traffic safety.” Beijing (in Chinese).
Sun, Z., Hao, P., Ban, X., and Yang, D. (2015). “Trajectory-based vehicle energy/emissions estimation for signalized arterials using mobile sensing data.” Transp. Res. Part D, 34(34), 27–40.
Trozzi, C., Vaccaro, R., and Crocetti, S. (1996). “Speed frequency distribution in air pollutants’ emissions estimate from road traffic.” Sci. Total Environ., 189, 181–185.
U.S. EPA. (2010). “Development of emission rates for light-duty vehicles in the motor vehicle emissions simulator (MOVES2010).”, Washington, DC.
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2003). User’s guide to MOBILE6.1 and MOBILE6.2, Washington, DC.
Yu, L., Wang, Z., Qiao, F., and Qi, Y. (2008). “Approach to development and evaluation of driving cycles for classified roads based on vehicle emission characteristics.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2058, 58–67.
Zhu, L., Wen, H., and Sun, J. (2008). “Floating car based real-time-traffic-info collection system in Beijing.” Urban Trans. China, 6(1), 77–80 (in Chinese).
Zissis, S., and Theodoros, Z. (1999). “An integrated modeling system for the estimation of motor vehicle emissions.” J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 49(9), 1010–1026.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 2, 2015
Accepted: Feb 1, 2016
Published online: Apr 22, 2016
Published in print: Sep 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Sep 22, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.