Experimental Assessment of Controlled Rocking Masonry Shear Walls without Post-tensioning
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 4
Abstract
Several research studies have recently evaluated the seismic response of controlled rocking masonry walls (CRMWs) with unbonded post-tensioning (PT) tendons. These studies demonstrated that such walls typically have both low damage and the ability to self-center, thus presenting an enhanced seismic response compared to conventional fixed-base shear walls. However, practical difficulties related to PT implementation during construction, coupled with the problem of PT losses that subsequently affect the wall’s self-centering ability, point to an opportunity to develop an alternative approach to control rocking walls. In response, the current study introduces controlled rocking masonry shear walls without PT tendons and with an energy dissipation (ED) device of embedded unbonded axial yielding dog-bone bars, named as ED-CRMWs. Experimental results are presented herein from six half-scale two-story fully grouted ED-CRMWs that were tested under displacement-controlled cyclic loading. All six walls were designed to have the same lateral resistance to facilitate investigating the influence of different design parameters, including toe confinement strategies through steel plates or boundary elements, axial compressive stress levels, ED device locations, and horizontal reinforcement ratios. The experimental results are presented in terms of the failure modes and damage levels, force-displacement response, residual drifts, and ductility capacities. The results show that even with no PT, all ED-CRMWs preserved the intended self-centering behavior with a flag-shaped hysteretic response, having a maximum residual drift ratio of 0.15%, except for one unconfined wall. In addition, the strategy of using end-confined boundary elements produced the most effective performance of the system pertaining to strength degradation, self-centering, and displacement ductility with a drift ratio of 2.35% being reached before strength degradation. In general, all walls exhibited limited and localized damage at the wall toes, thus demonstrating the promising concept of relying on gravity loads and ED devices in CRMWs, without the need for unbonded PT tendons.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The financial support for this project was provided through the Canadian Concrete Masonry Producers Association (CCMPA), the Canada Masonry Design Centre (CMDC), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) and the Ontario Centres of Excellence (OCE).
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2009. Requirements for design of a special unbonded post-tensioned precast shear wall satisfying ACI ITG-5.1 & commentary. ACI ITG-5.2-09. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Banting, B., and W. El-Dakhakhni. 2014. “Seismic performance quantification of reinforced masonry structural walls with boundary elements.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (5): 04014001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000895.
Chancellor, N., M. Eatherton, D. Roke, and T. Akbaş. 2014. “Self-centering seismic lateral force resisting systems: High performance structures for the city of tomorrow.” Build. Multidiscip. Digital Publ. Inst. 4 (3): 520–548.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2014a. Carbon steel bars for concrete reinforcement. CSA G30.18-09. Mississauga, ON: CSA.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2014b. Design of masonry structures. CSA S304-14. Mississauga, ON: CSA.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2014c. Mortar and grout for unit masonry. CSA A179-14. Mississauga, ON: CSA.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2014d. Standards on concrete masonry units. CSA A165-14. Mississauga, ON: CSA.
Ezzeldin, M., W. El-Dakhakhni, and L. Wiebe. 2017. “Experimental assessment of the system-level seismic performance of an asymmetrical reinforced concrete block–wall building with boundary elements.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (8): 04017063. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001790.
Ezzeldin, M., L. Wiebe, and W. El-Dakhakhni. 2016. “Seismic collapse risk assessment of reinforced masonry walls with boundary elements using the FEMA P695 methodology.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (11). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001579.
FEMA. 2007. Interim testing protocols for determining the seismic performance characteristics of structural and nonstructural components. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FEMA. 2018. Seismic performance assessment of buildings.Washington, DC: FEMA.
Hart, G. C., N. Sajjad, G. R. Kingsley, and J. L. Noland. 1989. “Analytical stress-strain curves for grouted concrete masonry.” Masonry Soc. J. 8 (1): 21–34.
Hassanli, R., M. ElGawady, and J. Mills. 2016. “Experimental investigation of in-plane cyclic response of unbonded posttensioned masonry walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (5): 04015171. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001450.
Hose, Y., and F. Seible. 1999. Performance evaluation database for concrete bridge components, and systems under simulated seismic loads. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, College of Engineering, Univ. of California.
Kalliontzis, D., and A. E. Schultz. 2017a. “Characterizing the in-plane rocking response of masonry walls with unbonded posttensioning.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (9): 04017110. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001838.
Kalliontzis, D., and A. E. Schultz. 2017b. “Improved estimation of the reverse-cyclic behavior of fully-grouted masonry shear walls with unbonded post-tensioning.” Eng. Struct. 145 (1): 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.05.011.
Kurama, Y. 2005. “Seismic design of partially post-tensioned precast concrete walls.” PCI J. 50 (4): 100–125. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.07012005.100.125.
Laursen, P. T. 2002. “Seismic analysis and design of post-tensioned concrete masonry walls.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Auckland.
Laursen, P. T., and J. M. Ingham. 2001. “Structural testing of single-story post-tensioned concrete masonry walls.” Prof. J. Masonry Soc. 19 (1): 69–82.
Laursen, P. T., and J. M. Ingham. 2004. “Structural testing of large-scale posttensioned concrete masonry walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 130 (10): 1497–1505. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:10(1497).
Nakaki, S. D., J. F. Stanton, and S. Sritharan. 1999. “An overview of the PRESSS five-story precast concrete test building.” PCI J. 44 (2): 26–39. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.03011999.26.39.
Priestley, M. J. N., and D. M. Elder. 1982. “Cyclic loading tests of slender concrete masonry shear walls.” Bull. N. Z. Natl. Soc. Earthquake Eng. 15 (1): 3–21. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.15.1.3-21.
Priestley, M. J. N., and D. M. Elder. 1983. “Stress-strain curves for unconfined and confined concrete masonry.” ACI J. 80 (19): 192–201.
Priestley, M. J. N., S. Sritharan, J. R. Conley, and S. Pampanin. 1999. “Preliminary results and conclusions from the PRESSS five-story precast concrete test building.” PCI J. 44 (6): 42–67. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.11011999.42.67.
Priestley, N., G. Calvi, and M. Kowalsky. 2007. Displacement-based seismic design of structures. Pavia, Italy: International Union of Soil Sciences.
Rosenboom, O. A., and M. J. Kowalsky. 2004. “Reversed in-plane cyclic behavior of posttensioned clay brick masonry walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 130 (5): 787–798. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:5(787).
Shedid, M. T., W. W. El-Dakhakhni, and R. G. Drysdale. 2010. “Alternative strategies to enhance the seismic performance of reinforced concrete-block shear wall systems.” J. Struct. Eng. 136 (6): 676–689. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000164.
TMS (Masonry Society). 2016. Building code requirements and specification for masonry structures. TMS 402/602-16. Longmont, CO: TMS.
Wight, G. D., J. M. Ingham, and M. J. Kowalsky. 2006. “Shaketable testing of rectangular post-tensioned concrete masonry walls.” ACI J. 103 (4): 587–595.
Yassin, A., M. Ezzeldin, T. Steele, and L. Wiebe. 2020. “Seismic collapse risk assessment of posttensioned controlled rocking masonry walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (5): 04020060. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002599.
Yassin, A., M. Ezzeldin, and L. Wiebe. 2018. “Evaluation of methods for predicting the response of controlled rocking reinforced masonry walls.” In Proc., 10th Int. Masonry Conf. Milan, Italy: International Masonry Conference.
Yassin, A., L. Wiebe, and M. Ezzeldin. 2021. “Seismic design and performance evaluation for controlled rocking masonry shear walls without posttensioning.” J. Struct. Eng.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 4 • April 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 27, 2021
Accepted: Nov 30, 2021
Published online: Feb 1, 2022
Published in print: Apr 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Jul 1, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Matthew East, Mohamed Ezzeldin, Lydell Wiebe, Strategies to Reduce and Quantify Seismic Damage in Controlled Rocking Masonry Walls, Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-11851, 150, 2, (2024).
- Matthew East, Ahmed Yassin, Mohamed Ezzeldin, Lydell Wiebe, Development of Controlled Rocking Masonry Walls with Energy Dissipation Accessible in a Steel Base, Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-11944, 149, 5, (2023).
- Ahmed Yassin, Mohamed Ezzeldin, Lydell Wiebe, Experimental Assessment of Resilient Controlled Rocking Masonry Walls with Replaceable Energy Dissipation, Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-11258, 149, 3, (2023).
- Matthew East, Jeff “Jie Fei” Li, Mohamed Ezzeldin, Lydell Wiebe, Development of a Flexural Yielding Energy Dissipation Device for Controlled Rocking Systems, Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003461, 149, 1, (2023).
- Ahmed Yassin, Lydell Wiebe, Mohamed Ezzeldin, Seismic Design and Performance Evaluation of Controlled Rocking Masonry Shear Walls without Posttensioning, Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003347, 148, 6, (2022).