Full-Scale Measurements of Wind Pressures on a Low-Rise Building during Typhoons and Comparison with Wind Tunnel Test Results and Aerodynamic Database
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 10
Abstract
This study investigated wind-induced pressures on an instrumented low-rise building with gable roof and roof overhang during Typhoons Mujigae and Sarika by means of full-scale measurements. Then, detailed wind tunnel tests on a scale model of the instrumented building were performed under different upstream exposure conditions. Moreover, cross-comparisons between the field measurements, wind tunnel testing results, and aerodynamic database for low-rise buildings established by the Tokyo Polytechnic University (TPU) were made for validation purposes. The comparative study illustrates that the mean and RMS wind pressure coefficients on the roof of the low-rise building among the field measurements, model test results, and aerodynamic database are in reasonable agreement, and the wind tunnel modeling methodology could reproduce the minimum pressure coefficient in terms of the ratios of peak wind pressures to maximum dynamic pressures. An improved peak pressure estimate approach was proposed, and its effectiveness was verified against the field measurements. The combined study of full-scale measurement, wind tunnel testing, and usage of aerodynamic database aimed to further the understanding of wind effects on typical low-rise buildings during typhoons and improve their wind-resistant design.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The work described in this paper was fully supported by the “985” Project of Hunan University, a grant from the Research Committee of City University of Hong Kong (Project No: 7005037) and a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No: 51978593).
References
ASCE. 2016. Minimum designloads for buildings and other structures. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Balderrama, J. A., et al. 2011. “The Florida Coastal Monitoring Program (FCMP): A review.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 99 (9): 979–995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2011.07.002.
Cheung, J. C. K., J. D. Holmes, W. H. Melbourne, N. Lakshmanan, and P. Bowditch. 1997. “Pressures on a scale model of the Texas Tech Building.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 69-71 (Jul–Oct): 529–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(97)00183-9.
Coffman, B. F., J. A. Main, D. Duthinh, and E. Simiu. 2010. “Wind effects on low-rise metal buildings: Database-assisted design versus ASCE 7-05 standard estimates.” J. Struct. Eng. 13 (6): 744–748. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000140.
Cook, N. J. 1982. “Calibration of the quasi-static and peak-factor approaches to the assessment of wind loads against the method of Cook and Mayne.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 10 (3): 315–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(82)90005-8.
Cook, N. J. 1985. The designer’s guide to wind loading of building structures. London: Butterworths.
Cook, N. J. 1990. The designers guide to wind loading of building structures–Part 2: Static Structures. London: Butterworths.
Cook, N. J., and J. R. Mayne. 1979. “A novel working approach to the assessment of wind loads for equivalent static design.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 4 (2): 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(79)90043-6.
Eaton, K. J., and J. R. Mayne. 1975. “The measurement of wind pressures on two-storey houses at Aylesbury.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 1: 67–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(75)90007-0.
Flay, R. G. J., and D. C. Stevenson. 1988. “Integral length scales in strong winds below 20 m.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 28 (1–3): 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(88)90098-0.
Gavanski, E., K. R. Gurley, and G. A. Kopp. 2016. “Uncertainties in the estimation of local peak pressure on low-rise buildings by using the Gumbel distribution fitting approach.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (11): 04016106. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001556.
Hagos, A., F. Habte, A. G. Chowdhury, and D. Yeo. 2014. “Comparisons of two wind tunnel pressure databases and partial validation against full-scale measurements.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (10): 04014065. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001001.
Ho, T. C. E., D. Surry, and D. Morrish. 2003. NIST/TTU cooperative agreement/windstorm mitigation initiative: Wind tunnel experiments on generic low buildings. London: Univ. of Western Ontario, Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory.
Ho, T. C. E., D. Surry, D. Morrish, and G. A. Kopp. 2005. “The UWO contribution to the NIST aerodynamic database for wind loads on low buildings: Part 1. Archiving format and basic aerodynamic data.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 93 (1): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2004.07.006.
Holmes, J. D. 2001. Wind loading of structures. London: Spon Press.
Holmes, J. D., and P. Carpenter. 1990. “The effect of Jensen number variations on the wind loads on a low-rise building.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 36 (1): 1279–1288. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(90)90124-U.
Levitan, M. L., and K. C. Mehta. 1992a. “Texas Tech field experiments for wind loads: Part I. Building and pressure measuring system.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 43 (1–3): 1565–1576. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(92)90372-H.
Levitan, M. L., and K. C. Mehta. 1992b. “Texas Tech field experiments for wind loads: Part II: Meteorological instrumentation and terrain parameters.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 43 (1–3): 1577–1588. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(92)90373-I.
Li, Q. S., and S. Y. Hu. 2014. “Monitoring of wind effects on a low-rise building during typhoon landfalls and comparison to wind tunnel test results.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 21 (11): 1360–1386. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1650.
Li, Q. S., and S. Y. Hu. 2015. “Monitoring of wind effects on an instrumented low-rise building during severe tropical storm.” Wind Struct. 20 (3): 469–488. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2015.20.3.469.
Li, Q. S., S. Y. Hu, Y. M. Dai, and Y. C. He. 2012. “Field measurements of extreme pressures on a flat roof of a low-rise building during typhoons.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 111 (Dec): 14–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2012.08.003.
Lieblein, J. 1974. Efficient methods of extreme-value methodology. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards.
Lin, J. X., D. Surry, and H. W. Tieleman. 1995. “The distribution of pressure near roof corners of flat roof low buildings.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 56 (2): 235–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(94)00089-V.
Liu, Z., D. O. Prevatt, L. D. Aponte-Bermudez, K. R. Gurley, T. A. Reinhold, and R. E. Akins. 2009. “Field measurement and wind tunnel simulation of hurricane wind loads on a single family dwelling.” Eng. Struct. 31 (10): 2265–2274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.04.009.
Masters, F. J., H. W. Tieleman, and J. A. Balderrama. 2010. “Surface wind measurements in three Gulf Coast hurricanes of 2005.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 98 (10–11): 533–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2010.04.003.
Peng, X. L., L. P. Yang, E. Gavanski, K. Gurley, and D. Prevatt. 2014. “A comparison of methods to estimate peak wind loads on buildings.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 126 (Mar): 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2013.12.013.
Quan, Y., M. Gu, Y. Tamura, and B. Chen. 2009. “An extreme value estimating method of non-Gaussian wind pressure.” In Proc., 7th Asia-Pacific Conf. on Wind Engineering. Taipei, Taiwan: International Associations for Wind Engineering.
Richards, P. J., and R. P. Hoxey. 2002. “Unsteady flow on the sides of a 6m cube.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 90 (12): 1855–1866. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00293-3.
Richards, P. J., and R. P. Hoxey. 2004. “Quasi-steady theory and point pressures on a cubic building.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 92 (14–15): 1173–1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2004.07.003.
Richards, P. J., and R. P. Hoxey. 2012. “Pressures on a cubic building—Part 1: Full-scale results.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 102 (Mar): 72–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2011.11.004.
Richards, P. J., R. P. Hoxey, B. D. Connell, and D. P. Lander. 2007. “Wind-tunnel modelling of the Silsoe cube.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 95 (9–11): 1384–1399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2007.02.005.
Richards, P. J., R. P. Hoxey, and L. J. Short. 2001. “Wind pressures on a 6m cube.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 89 (14): 1553–1564. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(01)00139-8.
Richardson, G. M., and P. A. Blackmore. 1995. “The Silsoe structures building: Comparison of 1:100 model-scale data with full-scale data.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 57 (2–3): 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(94)00114-S.
Richardson, G. M., R. P. Hoxey, A. P. Robertson, and J. L. Short. 1997. “The Silsoe structures building: Comparisons of pressures measured at full scale and in two wind tunnels.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 72 (1): 187–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(97)00274-2.
Richardson, G. M., and D. Surry. 1991. “Comparisons of wind-tunnel and full-scale surface pressure measurements on low-rise pitched-roof buildings.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 38 (2–3): 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(91)90045-X.
Shanmugasundaram, J., S. Arunachalam, S. Gomathinayagam, N. Lakshmanan, and P. Harikrishna. 2000. “Cyclone damage to buildings and structures—A case study.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 84 (3): 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(99)00114-2.
Simiu, E., and D. H. Yeo. 2019. Wind effects on structures: Modern structural design for wind. 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Tamura, Y. 2012. Aerodynamic database for low-rise buildings. Tokyo: Tokyo Polytechnic Univ., Global Center of Excellence Program.
Tieleman, H. W., M. R. Hajj, and T. A. Reinhold. 1998. “Wind tunnel simulation requirements to assess wind loads on low-rise buildings.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 74–76 (98): 675–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00061-0.
van de Lindt, J. W., A. Graettinger, R. Gupta, T. Skaggs, S. Pryor, and K. J. Fridley. 2007. “Performance of wood-frame structures during Hurricane Katrina.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 21 (2): 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2007)21:2(108).
Wu, F., P. P. Sarkar, K. C. Mehta, and Z. Zhao. 2001. “Influence of incident wind turbulence on pressure fluctuations near flat-roof corners.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 89 (5): 403–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(00)00072-6.
Zisis, I. 2011. Wind load paths on wood buildings. Montréal: Concordia Univ.
Zisis, I., and T. Stathopoulos. 2012. “Wind load transfer mechanisms on a low wood building using full-scale load data.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 104 (May–Jun): 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2012.04.003.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146 • Issue 10 • October 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 11, 2019
Accepted: Apr 9, 2020
Published online: Jul 16, 2020
Published in print: Oct 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Dec 16, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.