Critical Buckling Strains in Thick Cold-Formed Circular-Hollow Sections under Cyclic Loading
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 9
Abstract
Contrary to the large dataset of test results exploring the monotonic bending response of steel tubes, the corresponding dataset of cyclic bending tests remains very small. Seven compact and semicompact S355J2H cold-formed circular-hollow sections with diameter to thickness () ratios between 20 to 60, representative of piles used in piers and wharves, were brought to failure in three-point cyclic bending tests. Digital image correlation was employed to estimate average cross-sectional curvatures, and hence the critical bending strains, during local buckling at the midspan plastic hinges. These estimates were compared against those from two simplified localized hinge models and differed by up to a factor of two. A parametric study was performed with a validated finite-element model to ascertain the suitability of proposed design equations at predicting critical strains in piles with from 20 to 60 under cyclic loading. Test and simulation data both show that critical buckling strains are lower under cyclic loading than under monotonic loading. This work can inform the future development of seismic design standards such as ASCE 61.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the receipt of a Research Award from the UK Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE) and additional financial support from COWI UK Ltd., and wish to express their warmest gratitude to Mr. Leslie Clark, Mr. Stefan Algar, and Mr. Andy Pullen of the Imperial College Structures Laboratory for their invaluable assistance and advice during the execution of this project. The last author wishes to thank Robert Harn, Carlos Ospina, Helge Frandsen, and Rod Iwashita who together with the rest of the ASCE 61-19 committee members provided helpful advice and generated discussions which led to the idea for this project.
References
AASHTO. 2011. Guide specifications for LRFD seismic bridge design. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
API (American Petroleum Institute). 1993. Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms—Load and resistance factor design. Washington, DC: API.
ASCE. 2014. Seismic design of piers and wharves. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Bouwkamp, J. G. 1975. “Buckling and post-buckling strength of circular tubular sections.” In Proc., Offshore Technology Conf. Houston: Offshore Technology Conference.
Brown, N. K., M. J. Kowalsky, and J. M. Nau. 2014. “Impact of diameter to thickness ratio on the seismic behaviour of reinforced-concrete filled steel tubes.” In Proc., 10th US National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
BS (British Standard). 1993. Code of practice for pipelines—Part 3: Pipelines subsea: Design, construction and installation. London: British Standards Institution.
CBSC/ICC (California Building Standards Commission/International Code Council). 2016. 2016 California existing building code. Washington, DC: CBSC/ICC.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2005. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures, Part 1.1: General rules and rules for buildings. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2006. Cold formed structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels—Part 1: Technical delivery conditions. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2007. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures, Part 5: Piling. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chaboche, J. L. 1986. “Time-independent constitutive theories for cyclic plasticity.” Int. J. Plast. 2 (2): 149–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-6419(86)90010-0.
CSA (Canadian Standard Association). 1996. Oil and gas pipelines systems. Toronto: CSA.
Del Col, P. R., G. Y. Grondin, J. J. R. Cheng, and D. W. Murray. 1998. Behaviour of large diameter line pipe under combined loads. Edmonton, AB: Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Alberta.
DNV (Det Norske Veritas). 2011. Design of offshore steel structures, general (LRFD method). Høvik, Norway: DNV.
DNV (Det Norske Veritas). 2012. Offshore standard—Submarine pipeline systems. Høvik, Norway: DNV.
Dorey, A. B., J. J. R. Cheng, and D. W. Murray. 2001. Critical buckling strains in energy pipelines. Edmonton, AB: Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Alberta.
ECCS (European Convention for Constructional Steelwork). 2013. European recommendations for steel construction: Buckling of shells—5th edition, 2nd impression. Brussels, Belgium: ECCS.
Fleming, B. J., S. Sritharan, G. A. Miller, and K. K. Muraleetharan. 2016. “Full-scale seismic testing of piles in improved and unimproved soft clay.” Earthquake Spectra 32 (1): 239–265. https://doi.org/10.1193/012714EQS018M.
Fulmer, S. J., M. J. Kowalsky, J. M. Nau, and T. Hassan. 2012. “Reversed cyclic flexural behaviour of spiral DSAW and single seam ERW steel pipe piles.” J. Struct. Eng. 138 (9): 1099–1109. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000553.
Gardner, L., and X. Yun. 2018. “Description of stress-strain curves for cold-formed steels.” Constr. Build. Mater. 189 (Nov): 527–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.195.
Gresnigt, A. M. 1985. Kriteke stuik en kritieke rotatie in verband met plooien van stalen transportleidingen. Delft, Holland: Institut TNO voor Bouwmaterialen en Bouwconstructies.
Gresnigt, A. M. 1986. “Plastic design of buried steel pipelines in settlement areas.” Heron 31 (4): 1–113.
Gresnigt, A. M., and R. J. van Foeken. 2001. “Local buckling of UOE and seamless steel pipe.” In Proc., 11th Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf. (ISOPE). Mountain View, CA: International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.
Gresnigt, A. M., R. J. van Foeken, and S. L. Chen. 1996. “Effect of local buckling on burst pressure.” In Proc. 6th Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf. (ISOPE). Mountain View, CA: International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.
Harn, R., C. E. Ospina, and D. Pachakis. 2019. “Proposed pile strain limits for ASCE 61-19.” In Proc., PORTS 2019 Conf. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ISO. 2007. Petroleum and natural gas industries—Fixed steel offshore structures. Geneva: ISO.
Kimura, T., S. Idogaki, F. Takada, and Y. Fujita. 1980. “Experimental and analytical studies of the elasto-plastic behaviour of offshore pipelines during laying.” In Proc., Offshore Technology Conf. Houston: Offshore Technology Conference.
Korol, R. M. 1979. “Critical buckling strains of round tubes in flexure.” Int. J. Mech. Sci. 21 (12): 719–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7403(79)90052-3.
Kyriakides, S., and G. T. Ju. 1992. “Bifurcation and localization instabilities in cylindrical shells under bending: I—Experiments.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 29 (9): 1117–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(92)90139-K.
LaVision. 2016. DaVis imaging software. Ypsilanti, MI: LaVision.
MathWorks. 2019. Matlab release 2019a. Natick, MA: MathWorks.
Mirambell, E., and E. Real. 2000. “On the calculation of deflections in structural stainless steel beams: An experimental and numerical investigation.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 54 (1): 109–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(99)00051-6.
Murphey, C., and C. Langner. 1985. “Ultimate pipe strength under bending.” In Proc., Offshore Mechanical and Arctic Engineering Conf. New York: ASME.
Nip, K. H., L. Gardner, C. M. Davies, and A. Elghazouli. 2010. “Extremely low cycle fatigue tests on structural carbon steel and stainless steel.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 66 (1): 96–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.08.004.
Peters, D. J., E. J. Broos, N. A. Gresnigt, and S. H. J. van Es. 2015. “Local buckling resistance of sand-filled spirally welded tubes.” In Proc. 25th Int. Ocean and Polar Engineering Conf. Mountain View, CA: International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.
Reddy, B. D. 1979. “An experimental study of the plastic buckling of circular cylinders in pure bending.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 15 (9): 669–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(79)90066-0.
Rotter, J. M. 2004. “Cylindrical shells under axial compression.” Chap. 2 in Buckling of thin metal shells, edited by J. G. Teng and J. M. Rotter, 42–87. London: CRC Press.
Rotter, J. M., and A. J. Sadowski. 2017. “Full plastic resistance of tubes under bending and axial force: Exact treatment and approximations.” Structures 10 (May): 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2016.11.004.
Sadowski, A. J., and J. M. Rotter. 2013. “Solid or shell finite elements to model thick cylindrical tubes under global bending.” Int. J. Mech. Sci. 74 (Sep): 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2013.05.008.
Sadowski, A. J., J. M. Rotter, T. Reinke, and T. Ummenhofer. 2015. “Statistical analysis of the material properties of selected structural carbon steels.” Struct. Saf. 53 (Mar): 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2014.12.002.
Sherman, D. R. 1976. “Tests of circular steel tubes in bending.” J. Struct. Div. 102 (ST11): 2181–2195.
Tsitos, A., and A. Y. Elghazouli. 2017. “Evaluation of loading protocols for assessing local seismic demands in steel buildings designed to EC8.” In Proc., 16th World Conf. on Earthquakes 16WCEE 2017. Santiago, Chile: Chilean Association on Seismology and Earthquake Engineering.
van Douwen, A. A., A. M. Gresnigt, and J. W. B. Stark. 1974. Plastic design of buried steel pipelines for transport of oil, gas or water, verified by tests on scale models. Delft, Holland: Institut TNO voor Bouwmaterialen en Bouwconstructies.
van Es, S. H. J., A. M. Gresnigt, D. Vasilikis, and S. Karamanos. 2016. “Ultimate bending capacity of spiral-welded steel tubes—Part 1: Experiments.” Thin Walled Struct. 102 (May): 286–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.11.024.
Vasilikis, D., S. Karamanos, S. H. J. van Es, and A. M. Gresgnit. 2016. “Ultimate bending capacity of spiral-welded steel tubes—Part 2: Predictions.” Thin Walled Struct. 102 (May): 305–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.11.025.
Wang, J., A. J. Sadowski, and J. M. Rotter. 2018. “Influence of ovalisation on the plastic collapse of thick cylindrical tubes under uniform bending.” Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip. 168 (Dec): 94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2018.05.004.
Zayas, V. A., E. P. Popov, and S. A. Mahin. 1980. Cyclic inelastic buckling of tubular steel braces. Berkeley, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California at Berkeley.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146 • Issue 9 • September 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 7, 2019
Accepted: Mar 16, 2020
Published online: Jun 25, 2020
Published in print: Sep 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Nov 25, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.