Seismic Performance of Timber–Steel Hybrid Structures. I: Subassembly Testing and Numerical Modeling
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 145, Issue 10
Abstract
With urban expansion, timber structures are no longer confined to low-rise buildings. The hybridization of timber with other construction materials is an effective way to obtain desirable structural performance while maintaining the many advantages of timber buildings. This paper is devoted to the development of a hybrid structural system which consists of a steel moment-resisting frame and prefabricated infill light frame wood shear walls. Quasi-static cyclic loading tests were conducted on timber–steel hybrid lateral load resisting subassemblies, and monotonic loading tests were conducted on two types of novel wood-to-steel connections that enable fast installation of the infill wood shear wall. The test result of the hybrid structural system is reported with the emphasis on the wood-to-steel connection behavior. The share of resisted lateral force between the infill wood shear wall and the steel frame was evaluated. A nonlinear finite-element model was developed for the hybrid structural system and was validated by test results. The reported work can provide novel wood-to-steel connection solutions that allow high-efficiency on-site fabrication, and the verified numerical model can serve as a useful tool to assess the seismic performance of the timber–steel hybrid structures under more-complex loading scenarios.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51608376 and 51878476) and Shanghai Sailing Program (Grant No. 16YF1411800) for supporting this research.
References
AISC. 2010. Prequalified connections for special and intermediate steel moment frames for seismic applications. AISC 358. Chicago: AISC.
ASTM. 2003. Standard test method for determining bending yield moment of nails. ASTM F1575. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2011. Standard test methods for cyclic (reversed) load test for shear resistance of vertical elements of the lateral force resisting systems for buildings. ASTM E2126. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018. Standard specification for high strength structural bolts and assemblies, steel and alloy steel, heat treated, inch dimensions 120 ksi and 150 ksi minimum tensile strength, and metric dimensions 830 MPa and 1040 MPa minimum tensile strength. ASTM F3125/F3125M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Cornwall, W. 2016. “Tall timber.” Science 353 (6306): 1354–1356. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.353.6306.1354.
Dagenais, C., and R. Desjardins. 2012. “Cases studied of performance based design for mid-rise wood constructions in Quebec (Canada).” In Proc., World Conf. on Timber Engineering 2012 (WCTE 2012). Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Timber Design Society.
Dickof, C., S. F. Stiemer, M. A. Bezabeh, and S. Tesfamariam. 2014. “CLT-steel hybrid system: Ductility and overstrength values based on static pushover analysis.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 28 (6): A4014012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000614.
Fang, C., W. Wang, C. He, and Y. Chen. 2017. “Self-centring behaviour of steel and steel-concrete composite connections equipped with NiTi SMA bolts.” Eng. Struct. 150 (Nov): 390–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.067.
Green, M., and J. E. Karsh. 2012. Tall wood—The case for tall wood buildings. Vancouver, Canada: Wood Enterprise Coalition.
He, M., Z. Li, F. Lam, R. Ma, and Z. Ma. 2014. “Experimental investigation on lateral performance of timber-steel hybrid shear wall systems.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (6): 04014029. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000855.
Isoda, H., N. Kawai, M. Koshihara, Y. Araki, and S. Tesfamariam. 2017. “Timber-reinforced concrete core hybrid system: Shake table experimental test.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (1): 04016152. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001631.
Jia, L., Y. Dong, H. Ge, and P. Xiang. 2018. “Experimental study on high-performance buckling-restrained braces with perforated core plates.” Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn. 19 (1): 1940004. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219455419400042.
Li, Z., H. Dong, X. Wang, and M. He. 2017. “Experimental and numerical investigations into seismic performance of timber-steel hybrid structure with supplemental dampers.” Eng. Struct. 151 (Nov): 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.08.011.
Li, Z., M. He, H. Dong, Z. Shu, and X. Wang. 2018a. “Friction performance assessment of non-asbestos organic (NAO) composite-to-steel interface and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composite-to-steel interface: Experimental evaluation and application in seismic resistant structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 174 (Jun): 272–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.096.
Li, Z., M. He, F. Lam, and M. Li. 2015. “Load-sharing mechanism in timber-steel hybrid shear wall systems.” Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 9 (2): 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-015-0293-y.
Li, Z., M. He, F. Lam, M. Li, R. Ma, and Z. Ma. 2014. “Finite element modelling and parametric analysis of timber-steel hybrid structures.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 23 (14): 1045–1063. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1107.
Li, Z., M. He, Z. Ma, K. Wang, and R. Ma. 2016. “In-plane behavior of timber-steel hybrid floor diaphragms: Experimental testing and numerical simulation.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (12): 04016119. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001601.
Li, Z., M. He, and K. Wang. 2018b. “Hysteretic performance of self-centering glulam beam-to-column connections.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (5): 04018031. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002012.
Li, Z., M. He, X. Wang, and M. Li. 2018c. “Seismic performance assessment of steel frame infilled with prefabricated wood shear walls.” J. Constr. Steel. Res. 140 (Jan): 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.10.012.
Loss, C., M. Piazza, and R. Zandonini. 2016a. “Connections for steel-timber hybrid prefabricated buildings. Part I: Experimental tests.” Constr. Build. Mater. 122 (Sep): 781–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.002.
Loss, C., M. Piazza, and R. Zandonini. 2016b. “Connections for steel-timber hybrid prefabricated buildings. Part II: Innovative modular structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 122 (Sep): 796–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.001.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China). 2003. Code for design of steel structures. [In Chinese.] GB 50017-2003. Beijing: MOHURD.
Muñoz, W., M. Mohammad, A. Salenikovich, and P. Quenneville. 2008. “Determination of yield point and ductility of timber assemblies: In search for a harmonised approach.” In Proc., 10th World Conf. on Timber Engineering, 1064–1072. Red Hook, NY: Engineered Wood Products Association.
NLGA (National Lumber Grading Authority). 2014. Standard grading rules for Canadian lumber. Vancouver, Canada: NLGA.
Shu, Z., Z. Li, X. Yu, J. Zhang, and M. He. 2019. “Rotational performance of glulam bolted joints: Experimental investigation and analytical approach.” Constr. Build. Mater. 213 (Jul): 675–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.002.
SOM (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill). 2013. Timber tower research project: Final report. Chicago: WoodWorks Education Lab.
Stiemer, S. F., S. Tesfamariam, E. Karacabeyli, and M. Propovski. 2012. “Development of steel-wood hybrid systems for buildings under dynamic loads.” In Proc., 7th Int. Specialty Conf. on Behavior of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas (STESSA). Abingdon, England: CRC Press.
Tesfamariam, S., S. Stiemer, C. Dickof, and M. Bezabeh. 2014. “Seismic vulnerability assessment of hybrid steel-timber structure: Steel moment resisting frames with CLT infill.” J. Earthquake Eng. 18 (6): 929–944. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2014.916240.
Zhang, X., M. Fairhurst, and T. Tannert. 2016. “Ductility estimation for a novel timber-steel hybrid system.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (4): E4015001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001296.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 7, 2018
Accepted: Mar 1, 2019
Published online: Aug 14, 2019
Published in print: Oct 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Jan 14, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.