New Design Detail to Enhance the Seismic Performance of Ordinary Reinforced Partially Grouted Masonry Structures
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 142, Issue 12
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that in the event of a strong earthquake, partially grouted (PG) masonry walls would most likely not perform according to code expectations. The research reported herein is focused on introducing an economically competitive design detail to enhance the seismic performance and safety index of PG reinforced masonry shear walls. Besides the conventional design details of single grouted vertical cells with single bond beams, two other details called double grouted vertical cells with double bond beams, and double grouted vertical cells with single bond beams plus joint reinforcement, were constructed and tested in this study. Test results demonstrated that the single grouted wall failed in a low ductility shear-dominated mode, while the modified design details resulted in a change to the high ductility shear failure mode. Results of nonlinear static and incremental dynamic analyses showed that using the proposed enhanced detail can significantly improve the seismic performance of ordinary PG masonry compared with the conventional design detail.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This project is supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) grant No. 1208208. The support of The Anchor Block Company (Matt Strand), which donated all of the concrete block, Harris Rebar (Kent Swanson, Pete Fosnough, and Dan Yerks), which donated the reinforcing bar, Hohmann & Barnard Inc. (Ron Hohmann), which donated the ladder-type joint reinforcement, Spec Mix (Brian Carney and Brian DiGrado), which provided the grout and mortar mixes at discount, HILTI (Christopher Gamache), which donated epoxy for the installation of starter bars, and the Bricklayers and Associated Craftworkers (BAC) Local 1 (Mike Cook and Joe Vanek), who built the masonry specimens at no cost, are gratefully acknowledged. In addition, the National Concrete Masonry Association (Jason Thompson) is thanked for its financial support of this project. The results, opinions, and conclusions expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the sponsoring organizations.
References
ABAQUS [Computer software]. Dassault Systèmes, Waltham, MA.
ASCE. (2010). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ASCE/SEI 7-10, Structural Engineering Institute, Reston, VA.
ASTM (2002). “Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars (using 2-in. or [50-mm] cube specimens).” ASTM C109/C109M, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2014a). “Standard test method for compressive strength of masonry prisms.” ASTM C1314, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2014b). “Standard test method for sampling and testing grout.” ASTM C1019, West Conshohocken, PA.
ATC (American Technical Council). (2000). “Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings.” FEMA 356, Washington, DC.
ATC (Applied Technology Council). (2009). “Quantification of building seismic performance factors.”, Redwood City, CA.
Bolhassani, M., Hamid, A. A., Lau, A. C., and Moon, F. L. (2015a). “Simplified micro modeling of partially grouted masonry assemblages.” Constr. Build. Mater., 83, 159–173.
Bolhassani, M., Hamid, A. A., and Moon, F. L. (2014). “Enhancement of seismic performance of partially grouted reinforced masonry shear walls.” Proc., 10th U.S. National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA, 21–25.
Bolhassani, M., Hamid, A. A., and Moon, F. L. (2015b). “Effect of axial load on the behavior of doubly reinforced partially grouted reinforced masonry shear walls.” Proc., 12th North American Masonry Conf., Masonry Society, Longmont, CO.
Bolhassani, M., Hamid, A. A., and Moon, F. L. (2016a). “Enhancement of lateral in-plane capacity of partially grouted concrete masonry shear walls.” Eng. Struct., 108, 59–76.
Bolhassani, M., Rajaram, S., Hamid, A. A., Kontsos, A., and Bartoli, I. (2016b). “Damage detection of concrete masonry structures by enhancing deformation measurement using DIC.” SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, International Society for Optic and Photonic, Bellingham, WA, 980411–980411-14.
ElGawady, M. A. (2015). “Shear strength equations for partially grouted masonry walls.” Proc., 12th North American Masonry Conf., Masonry Society, Longmont, CO.
Elmapruk, J. H. (2010). “Shear strength of partially grouted squat masonry shear walls.” M.S. thesis, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA.
Furtmüller, T., and Adam, C. (2011). “Numerical modeling of the in-plane behavior of historical brick masonry walls.” Acta. Mech., 221(1–2), 65–77.
Ghanem, G. M. (1992). “Effect of steel distribution on the behavior of partially reinforced masonry shear walls.” Proc., 6th Canadian Masonry Symp., Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, 356–376.
Ghanem, G. M., Salama, A. E., Elmagd, S. A., and Hamid, A. A. (1993). “Effect of axial compression on the behavior of partially reinforced masonry shear walls.” Proc., 6th North American Masonry Conf. (NAMC), Masonry Society, Longmont, CO, 1145–1157.
Giambanco, G., Rizzo, S., and Spallino, R. (2001). “Numerical analysis of masonry structures via interface models.” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 190(49), 6493–6511.
Hamid, A. A., Bolhassani, M., Turner, A., Minaei, E., and Moon, F. L. (2013). “Mechanical properties of ungrouted and grouted concrete masonry assemblages.” Proc., 12th Canadian Masonry Symp., International Masonry Society, Whyteleafe, U.K.
Ingham, J. M., Davidson, B. J., Brammer, D. R., and Voon, K. C. (2001). “Testing and codification of partially grout-filled nominally-reinforced concrete masonry subjected to in-plane cyclic loads.” Masonry Soc. J., 19(1), 83–96.
Johnson, C. A., and Schultz, A. E. (2014). “Seismic testing of partially grouted masonry sub-assemblages.” Proc., 10th U.S. National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA.
Koutras, A., and Shing, P. B. (2014). “Enhancement of seismic performance and design of partially-grouted reinforced masonry buildings: Shake-table testing and numerical modeling.” Proc., 10th U.S. National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA.
Koutras, A., and Shing, P. B. (2015). “Shake-table tests of partially grouted reinforced masonry buildings.” Proc., 12th North American Masonry Conf., Masonry Society, Longmont, CO.
Koutromanos, I., and Shing, P. S. (2010). “Example application of the FEMA P695 (ATC-63) methodology for the collapse performance evaluation of reinforced masonry shear wall structures.” Proc., 9th U.S. National and 10th Canadian Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA.
Koutromanos, I., Stavridis, A., Shing, P. B., and Willam, K. (2011). “Numerical modeling of masonry-infilled RC frames subjected to seismic loads.” Comput. Struct., 89(11), 1026–1037.
Lotfi, H., and Shing, P. (1991). “An appraisal of smeared crack models for masonry shear wall analysis.” Comput. Struct., 41(3), 413–425.
Lourenço, P. B., and Rots, J. G. (1997). “Multisurface interface model for analysis of masonry structures.” J. Eng. Mech., 660–668.
Lourenço, P. B., Rots, J. G., and Blaauwendraad, J. (1998). “Continuum model for masonry: Parameter estimation and validation.” J. Struct. Eng., 642–652.
Matsumura, A. (1987). “Shear strength of reinforced hollow unit masonry walls.” Proc., 4th North American Masonry Conf., Masonry Society, Longmont, CO.
Matsumura, A. (1988). “Shear strength of reinforced masonry walls.” Proc., 9th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 7, International Association for Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, 121–126.
Milani, G. (2011). “Simple homogenization model for the non-linear analysis of in-plane loaded masonry walls.” Comput. Struct., 89(17), 1586–1601.
Minaie, E. (2009). “Behavior and vulnerability of reinforced masonry shear walls.” Ph.D. thesis, Drexel Univ., Philadelphia.
Minaie, E., Mota, M., Moon, F. L., and Hamid, A. A. (2010). “In-plane behavior of partially grouted reinforced concrete masonry shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 1089–1097.
MSJC (Masonry Standards Joint Committee). (2013). “Building code requirements for masonry structures.” TMS 402-08 ACI 530-08, and ASCE 5-08, ASCE, Reston, VA.
NCMA (National Concrete Masonry Association). (2005). “Joint reinforcement for concrete masonry.”, Herndon, VA.
Nolph, S., and ElGawady, M. (2012). “Static cyclic response of partially grouted masonry shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 864–879.
Nolph, S. M. (2010). “In-plane shear performance of partially grouted masonry shear walls.” M.S. thesis, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA.
Paulay, T., and Priestley, M. J. N. (1992). Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings, Wiley, New York.
Schultz, A. E. (1996a). “Seismic resistance of partially-grouted masonry shear walls.” Worldwide advances in structural concrete and masonry, ASCE, Reston, VA, 211–222.
Schultz, A. E. (1996b). “Seismic resistance of partially-grouted masonry shear walls.” Proc., 11th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, International Association for Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, 1221.
Schultz, A. E., and Hutchinson, R. S. (2001). “Seismic behavior of partially-grouted masonry shear walls, phase 2: Effectiveness of bed-joint reinforcement.” GCR 01-808, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
Stavridis, A., and Shing, P. B. (2010). “Finite-element modeling of nonlinear behavior of masonry-infilled RC frames.” J. Struct. Eng., 285–296.
UBC (Uniform Building Code). (1997). “International conference of building officials. Volume 2.” Whittier, CA.
Vanniamparambil, P. A., et al. (2014). “A data fusion approach for progressive damage quantification in reinforced concrete masonry walls.” Smart Mater. Struct., 23(1), 015007.
Voon, K. C. (2007). “In-plane seismic design of concrete masonry structures.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Voon, K. C., and Ingham, J. M. (2006). “Experimental in-plane shear strength investigation of reinforced concrete masonry walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 400–408.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 13, 2015
Accepted: Jun 8, 2016
Published online: Jul 22, 2016
Published in print: Dec 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Dec 22, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.