Joint Earthquake–Snow Hazard Characterization and Fragility Analysis of Wood-Frame Structures
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 142, Issue 10
Abstract
This paper presents a study to statistically characterize the joint earthquake–snow hazard and subsequently develop maximum interstory drift fragility curves for a series of archetype engineered light-frame wood structures. Of particular focus are structures built in moderate-seismic, heavy-snow regions. For these light-frame structures, the additional seismic mass due to the presence of roof snow may be significant. Although load standards such as ASCE 7 provide guidance on combining design loads when considering life safety (e.g., flexural and shear limit states), guidance is not yet available for other performance levels (limit states with specified nonexceedance probabilities), performance (rather than safety) based limit states or damage indicators (e.g., maximum interstory drift), and hazard levels other than those implied in life safety design (e.g., ). All of these are expected to become more relevant as performance-based design procedures continue to evolve and gain acceptance. Using Boston and Stampede Pass, Washington, as study sites, snow loads and earthquake loads were modeled as stochastic processes and simulation was used to construct the joint snow–earthquake hazard contours from which the joint snow–earthquake hazard at different hazard levels could be characterized. One approach is proposed for the selection of appropriate companion load coincidence factors considering multiple hazards for use in performance-based design. Finally, peak interstory drift distributions and the seismic fragility curves at different joint hazard levels were developed for a set of archetype wood-frame structures. The results show that the current strength-based design procedures are not risk-consistent for these types of structures. As an alternative, recently developed displacement-based design procedures may provide a more risk-consistent design methodology.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
ASCE. (2006). “Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings.” ASCE/SEI 41-06, Reston, VA.
ASCE. (2010). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ASCE/SEI 7-10, Reston, VA.
Cornell, C. A. (1968). “Engineering seismic risk analysis.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 58(5), 1583–1606.
Ellingwood, B. R., and Rosowsky, D. V. (1991). “Duration of load effects in LRFD for wood construction.” J. Struct. Eng., 584–599.
Ellingwood, B. R., and Rosowsky, D. V. (1996). “Combining snow and earthquake loads for limit state design.” J. Struct. Eng., 1364–1368.
Ellingwood, B. R., Rosowsky, D. V., and Pang, W. C. (2008). “Performance of light-frame wood residential construction subjected to earthquakes in regions of moderate seismicity.” J. Struct. Eng., 1353–1363.
FEMA. (2009). “Quantification of building seismic performance factors.” FEMA P695, Washington, DC.
Folz, B., and Filiatrault, A. (2004a). “Seismic analysis of woodframe structures I: Model formulation.” J. Struct. Eng., 1353–1360 .
Folz, B., and Filiatrault, A. (2004b). “Seismic analysis of woodframe structures II: Model implementation and verification.” J. Struct. Eng., 130(9), 1426–1434.
Lee, K. H., and Rosowsky, D. V. (2006). “Fragility analysis of woodframe buildings considering combined snow and earthquake loading.” Struct. Saf., 28(3), 289–303.
Li, Y., Yin, Y., Ellingwood, B. R., and Bulleit, W. M. (2010). “Uniform hazard versus uniform risk bases for performance-based earthquake engineering of light-frame wood construction.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 39(11), 1199–1217.
Liu, P. L., and Der Kiureghian, A. (1986). “Multivariate distribution models with prescribed marginals and covariances.” Probab. Eng. Mech., 1(2), 105–112.
NCDC (National Climatic Data Center). (2014). 〈http://www7.ncdc.noaa.gov/CDO/dataproduct〉 (Mar. 28, 2014).
O’Rourke, M., and Speck, R. (1992). “Roof snow loads for seismic design calculations.” J. Struct. Eng., 2338–2350.
Pang, W., Rosowsky, D. V., Pei, S., and van de Lindt, J. W. (2010). “Simplified direct displacement design of six-story wood-frame building and pretest seismic performance assessment.” J. Struct. Eng., 813–825.
Pang, W. C., and Rosowsky, D. V. (2009). “Direct displacement procedure for performance-based seismic design of mid-rise woodframe structures.” EERI Earthquake Spectra, 25(3), 583–605.
Rosowsky, D. V., and Bulleit, W. M. (2002). “Load duration effects in wood members and connections: Order statistics and critical loads.” Struct. Saf., 24(2–4), 347–362.
Turkstra, C. J., and Madsen, H. (1980). “Load combination in codified structural design.” J. Struct. Eng., 106(12), 2527–2543.
USGS (U.S. Geological Survey). (2014). 〈〉 (Feb. 12, 2014).
Wang, Y., and Rosowsky, D. V. (2013). “Characterization of joint wind-snow hazard for performance-based design.” Struct. Saf., 43, 21–27.
Wang, Y., and Rosowsky, D. V. (2014). “Effects of earthquake ground motion selection and scaling method on performance-based engineering of wood-frame structures.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014086.
Wang, Y., Rosowsky, D. V., and Pang, W. (2010). “Performance-based procedure for direct displacement design of engineered wood-frame structures.” J. Struct. Eng., 978–988.
Yin, Y. J., Li, Y., and Bulleit, W. M. (2008). “Snow and earthquake load combination considering snow accumulation.” Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE), Tokyo.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 10, 2015
Accepted: Mar 1, 2016
Published online: May 5, 2016
Published in print: Oct 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Oct 5, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.