Distributed Yielding Concept for Improved Seismic Collapse Performance of Rigid Wall-Flexible Diaphragm Buildings
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 142, Issue 2
Abstract
Rigid wall-flexible diaphragm (RWFD) buildings are a common type of single-story construction in North America, Europe, and New Zealand that incorporate rigid in-plane concrete or masonry walls and flexible in-plane wood, steel, or hybrid roof diaphragms. RWFD buildings have shown poor seismic performance during past earthquake events. In particular, it has been observed that the global seismic response is dominated by the response of the diaphragm, which is mainly attributed to large in-plane diaphragm displacements that significantly exceed the displacements of in-plane walls. In this study, the concept of distributed yielding in the flexible diaphragm by weakening certain intermediate diaphragm zones is explored as a cost-effective means to improve the seismic collapse capacity of RWFD buildings and mitigate their seismic vulnerability. A two-dimensional numerical framework was developed specifically for analyzing RWFD buildings and was used to evaluate the proposed concept. Results of nonlinear dynamic time-history response analyses conducted on a typical RWFD building incorporating a wood roof diaphragm show that distributing the inelastic response of the flexible diaphragm along its span is beneficial to the seismic collapse capacity of RWFD buildings. A seismic design approach based on this concept is also formulated.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study was conducted as part of a project directed by the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) and funded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) under DHS/FEMA Contract HSFEHQ-09-D-0147, Task Order HSFE60-12-J-0002C. The main objective of this project was to develop simplified seismic design procedures for rigid wall-flexible diaphragm buildings. This financial support is gratefully acknowledged. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NIBS and FEMA.
References
Adebar, P., Guan, Z., and Elwood, K. (2004). “Displacement-based design of concrete tilt-up frames accounting for flexible diaphragms.” 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Adham, S. A., Ewing, R. D., and Agbabian, M. S. (1985). “Guidelines for mitigation of seismic hazards in tilt-up-wall structures: Phase II—Final report.” Agbabian Associates, El Segundo, CA.
ASCE. (2010). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.”, Reston, VA.
Bathe, K.-J. (1996). Finite element procedures, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Carr, J. (2007). RUAUMOKO, Univ. of Canterbury, Canterbury, U.K.
Chopra, A. K. (2006). Dynamics of structures: Theory and applications to earthquake engineering, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Christovasilis, I. P., Filiatrault, A., and Wanitkorkul, A. (2009). “Seismic testing of a full-scale two-story light-frame wood building: NEESWOOD benchmark test.”, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering, Buffalo, NY, 894.
Cohen, G. L., Klingner, R. E., Hayes, J. R., and Sweeney, S. C. (2004a). “Seismic evaluation of low-rise reinforced masonry buildings with flexible diaphragms: I. Seismic and quasi-static testing.” Earthquake Spectra, 20(3), 779–801.
Cohen, G. L., Klingner, R. E., Hayes, J. R., and Sweeney, S. C. (2004b). “Seismic evaluation of low-rise reinforced masonry buildings with flexible diaphragms: II. Analytical modeling.” Earthquake Spectra, 20(3), 803–824.
Cook, R. D. (2001). Concepts and applications of finite element analysis, Wiley, New York.
Engleder, T., and Gould, W. G. (2010). “Seismic performance of sheet steel deck in shear diaphragm design.” Steel Constr., 3(2), 112–119.
EQE. (1989). “The October 17, 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.” San Francisco.
Essa, H. S., Tremblay, R. and Rogers, C. A. (2003). “Behavior of roof deck diaphragms under quasistatic cyclic loading.” J. Struct. Eng., 1658–1666.
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). (2009). “Quantification of building seismic performance factors.”, Washington, DC.
Folz, B., and Filiatrault, A. (2001). “Cyclic analysis of wood shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 433–441.
Fonseca, F. (1997). “Cyclic loading response of reinforced concrete tilt-up structures with plywood diaphragms.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.
Fonseca, F. S., Sterling, K. R., and Campbell, S. H. (2002). “Nail, wood screw, and staple fastener connections.” CUREE, Richmond, CA.
Fragiadakis, M., Vamvatsikos, D., and Papadrakakis, M. (2006). “Evaluation of the influence of vertical irregularities on the seismic performance of a 9-storey steel frame.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 35(12), 1489–1509.
Guenfoud, N. (2009). “Shear and tension capacity of arc-spot weld connections for multi-overlap roof deck panels.” École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal.
Hamburger, R. O., McCormick, D. L., and Hom, S. (1988). “The Whittier Narrows earthquake of October 1, 1987—Performance of tilt-up buildings.” Earthquake Spectra, 4(2), 219–254.
Henry, R., and Ingham, J. (2011). “Behaviour of tilt-up precast concrete buildings during the 2010/2011 Christchurch earthquakes.” Struct. Concr., 12(4), 234–240.
Hilti. (2013). 〈https://www.us.hilti.com/profis-df〉 (Nov. 7, 2013).
IBC (International Building Code). (2012). International Code Council, Washington, DC.
Koliou, M. (2014). “Seismic analysis and design of rigid wall—Flexible roof diaphragm structures.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. at Buffalo—State Univ. of New York, Buffalo, NY.
Koliou, M., Filiatrault, A., Kelly, D. J., and Lawson, J. (2014). “Numerical framework for seismic collapse assessment of rigid wall-flexible diaphragm structures.” 10th U.S. National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Anchorage, AK, 11.
Lawson, J., Kelly, D. J., Koliou, M., and Filiatrault, A. (2014a). “Development of seismic design methodologies for rigid wall—Flexible diaphragm structures.” Proc., 10th National Conf. in Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Anchorage, AK.
Lawson, J., Kelly, D. J., Koliou, M., and Filiatrault, A. (2014b). “Evaluating existing and proposing new seismic design provisions for rigid wall—Flexible diaphragm buildings.” SEAOC 2014 83rd Annual Convention, Structural Engineering Association of California, Indian Wells, CA, 12.
MATLAB version 8.10.1.604 [Computer software]. Natick, MA, MathWorks Inc.
Massarelli, R., Franquet, J. E., Shrestha, K., Tremblay, R., and Rogers, C. A. (2012). “Seismic testing and retrofit of steel deck roof diaphragms for building structures.” Thin-Walled Struct., 61, 239–247.
Olund, O. (2009). “Analytical study to investigate the seismic performance of single story tilt-up strucutres.” M.S. thesis, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Otani, S. (1974). “Inelastic analysis of R/C frame structures.” J. Struct. Div., 100(7), 1433–1449.
Paultre, P. (2004). “Experimental investigation and dynamic simulations of low-rise steel buildings for efficient seismic design.” 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
PEER/ATC (Applied Technology Council and Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center). (2010). “Modeling and acceptance criteria for seismic design and analysis of tall buildings.”, Redwood City, CA.
Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T., and Flannery, B. P. (1997). Numerical recipes in Fortran 77 the art of scientific computing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Ray, T. (2013). “Modeling of multi-dimensional inelastic and nonlinear elastic structural systems.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. at Buffalo—State Univ. of New York, Buffalo, NY.
Rogers, C. A., and Tremblay, R. (2003a). “Inelastic seismic response of frame fasteners for steel roof deck diaphragms.” J. Struct. Eng., 1647–1657.
Rogers, C. A., and Tremblay, R. (2003b). “Inelastic seismic response of side lap fasteners for steel roof deck diaphragms.” J. Struct. Eng., 1637–1646.
SAP2000 version15.1.0 [Computer software]. Berkeley, CA, Computers and Structures.
SEAONC (Structural Engineers Association of Northern California). (2001). “Guidelines for seismic evaluation and rehabilitation of tilt-up buildings and other rigid wall/flexible diaphragm structures.” San Francisco.
Shrestha, K. M. (2012). Use of flexible and ductile roof diaphragms in the seismic design of single-storey steel buildings, McGill Univ., Montreal.
Stewart, W. G. (1987). “The seismic design of plywood sheathed shear walls.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Tellier, X. (2013). “Numerical modeling for the seismic response of concrete tilt-up buildings.” M.S. thesis, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Tremblay, R., Martin, E., Yang, W., and Rogers, C. A. (2004). “Analysis, testing and design of steel roof deck diaphragms for ductile earthquake resistance.” J. Earthquake Eng., 8(5), 775–816.
Tremblay, R. and Stiemer, S. F. (1996). “Seismic behavior of single-storey steel structures with flexible diaphragm.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 23(1), 49–62.
UBC. (1997). “Uniform building code.” Int. Conf. of Building Officials, Whittier, CA.
Vamvatsikos, D., and Cornell, A. C. (2002). “Incremental dynamic analysis.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31(3), 491–514.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 142 • Issue 2 • February 2016
Copyright
© 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 16, 2014
Accepted: Jul 2, 2015
Published online: Sep 28, 2015
Published in print: Feb 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Feb 28, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.