Quasi-Static Cyclic Testing of Two-Thirds Scale Unbonded Posttensioned Rocking Dissipative Timber Walls
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 142, Issue 4
Abstract
Posttensioning low-damage technologies were first developed in the late 1990s as the main outcome of the U.S. Precast Seismic Structural System (PRESSS) program coordinated by the University of California, San Diego, and culminated with the pseudo-dynamic test of a large-scale five-story test building. The extension of posttensioned techniques to timber elements led to the development of new structural systems, referred to as Pres-Lam (prestressed laminated timber). Pres-Lam systems consist of timber structural frames or walls made of laminated veneer lumber, glue laminated timber (Glulam), or cross-laminated timber (CLT). Pres-Lam walls consist of a rocking timber element with unbonded posttensioned tendons running through the length and attached to the foundation, which provides a centering force to the wall, while energy dissipation is supplied by either internal or external mild steel dissipaters. Previous tests carried out on posttensioned timber walls focused on small-scale (one-third) specimens with the main objective of evaluating the general response of the system. The main objective of the experimental program herein presented is the testing and estimating of the response of a series two-thirds-scale posttensioned walls, with alternative arrangements and combination of dissipaters and posttensioning, focusing on the construction details adopted in real practice. The paper first presents a brief discussion on the seismic demand evaluation based on the displacement-based design approach. The construction detailing of the steel dissipater connections, posttensioning anchorage, and shear keys are then presented. The main objectives of this experimental program were the investigation of the experimental behavior of large-scale posttensioned timber walls, with particular focus on the system connection detailing and optimization of posttensioning anchorage, fastening of the dissipation devices, and shear keys. The program consisted of several quasi-static cyclic tests considering different steel dissipater configurations, different levels of posttensioning initial stress, and different dissipater options were considered: both internal and external mild steel tension-compression yield devices were used. The experimental results showed the performance of posttensioned timber wall systems, which provide a high level of dissipation while showing negligible residual displacements and negligible damage to the wall element. The final part of the paper presents the experimental evaluation of the area-based hysteretic damping for the tested specimens, and the results highlight the great influence of the connection detailing of the dissipaters.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The experimental program was funded by the Structural Timber Innovation Company (STIC). The technical support of Mosese Fifita and Daniel Moroder is also gratefully acknowledged.
References
Aaleti, S., and Sritharan, S. (2009). “A simplified analysis method for characterizing unbonded post-tensioned precast wall systems.” Eng. Struct., 31(12), 2966–2975.
ACI. (2011). “Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-11) and commentary.”, Farmington Hills, MI.
ACI Innovation Task Group 5. (2008). “Acceptance criteria for special unbonded post-tensioned precast structural walls based on validation testing and commentary: An ACI standard.” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
Brown, A., Lester, J., Pampanin, S., and Pietra, D. (2012). “Pres-Lam in practice—A damage-limiting rebuild project.” New Zealand Society of Structural Engineers Conf., New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering, Wellington, New Zealand.
Buchanan, A., Deam, B., Fragiacomo, M., Pampanin, S., and Palermo, A. (2008). “Multi-storey prestressed timber buildings in New Zealand.” Struct. Eng. Int., 18(2), 166–173.
Buchanan, A. H. (2007). Timber design guide, New Zealand Timber Industry Federation, Wellington, New Zealand.
Chopra, A. K., and Goel, R. K. (1999). “Capacity-demand-diagram methods based on inelastic design spectrum.” Earthquake Spectra, 15(4), 637–656.
Christopoulos, C., Filiatrault, A., Uang, C. M., and Folz, B. (2002). “Post-tensioned energy dissipating connections for moment resisting steel frames.” J. Struct. Eng., 1111–1120.
Dekker, D., Chung, S., and Palermo, A. (2012). “Carterton events centre auditorium pres-lam wall design and construction.” New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering, Annual Conf., New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering, Wellington, New Zealand.
Devereux, C. P., Holden, T. J., Buchanan, A. H., and Pampanin, S. (2011). “NMIT arts & media building-damage mitigation using post-tensioned timber walls.” 9th Pacific Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering, Wellington, New Zealand.
Dunbar, A., Pampanin, S., Palermo, A., and Buchanan, A. (2014). “Seismic design of core-walls for multi-storey timber buildings.” New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Annual Conf., New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering, Wellington, New Zealand.
Holden, T., Restrepo, J., and Mander, J. (2003). “Seismic performance of precast reinforced and prestressed concrete walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 286–296.
Iqbal, A., Pampanin, S., Buchanan, A. H., and Palermo, A. (2007). “Improved seismic performance of LVL post-tensioned walls coupled with UFP devices.” 8th Pacific Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering and Nanyang Technological Univ., School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wellington, New Zealand.
Kam, W. Y., Pampanin, S., Palermo, A., and Carr, A. J. (2010). “Self-centering structural systems with combination of hysteretic and viscous energy dissipations.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 39(10), 1083–1108.
Kelly, J. M., Skinner, R. I., and Heine, A. J. (1974). “Mechanism of energy absorption in special devices for use in earthquake resistant structures.” Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthquake Eng., 5(3), 63–88.
Kurama, Y., Sause, R., Pessiki, S., and Lu, L.-W. (1999). “Lateral load behavior and seismic design of unbonded post-tensioned precast concrete walls.” ACI Struct. J., 96(4), 622–632.
Kurama, Y. C. (2000). “Seismic design of unbonded post-tensioned precast concrete walls with supplemental viscous damping.” ACI Struct. J., 97(4), 648–658.
Kurama, Y. C. (2002). “Hybrid post-tensioned precast concrete walls for use in seismic regions.” PCI J., 47(5), 36–59.
Kurama, Y. C., Sause, R., Pessiki, S., and Lu, L.-W. (2002). “Seismic response evaluation of unbonded post-tensioned precast walls.” ACI Struct. J., 99(5), 641–651.
Kurama, Y. C., and Shen, Q. (2004). “Posttensioned hybrid coupled walls under lateral loads.” J. Struct. Eng., 297–309.
Macalloy. (2007). “European organization for technical approvals.”, Charlottenlund, Denmark.
Marriott, D. J., Pampanin, S., Bull, D., and Palermo, A. (2008). “Dynamic testing of precast, post-tensioned rocking wall systems with alternative dissipating solutions.” Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthquake Eng., 41(2), 90–103.
Newcombe, M. P., Pampanin, S., and Buchanan, A. H. (2010). “Design, fabrication and assembly of a two-storey post-tensioned timber building.” World Conf. on Timber Engineering, Trento, Italy.
Palermo, A., Pampanin, S., and Buchanan, A. H. (2006). “Experimental investigations on LVL seismic resistant wall and frame subassemblies.” First European Conf. on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Geneva.
Palermo, A., Pampanin, S., Buchanan, A. H., and Newcombe, M. P. (2005a). “Seismic design of multi-storey buildings using laminated veneer lumber (LVL).” New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering, Annual Conf., Univ. of Canterbury, Civil Engineering, Wairakei, New Zealand.
Palermo, A., Pampanin, S., and Calvi, G. M. (2005b). “Concept and development of hybrid solutions for seismic resistant bridge systems.” J. Earthquake Eng., 9(6), 899–921.
Palermo, A., Pampanin, S., and Carr, A. (2005c). “Efficiency of simplified alternative modelling approaches to predict the seismic response of precast concrete hybrid systems.” fib Symp.: “Keep Concrete Attractive,” Budapest, Hungary.
Palermo, A., Sarti, F., Baird, A., and Dekker, D. (2012). “From theory to practice: Design, analysis and construction of dissipative timber rocking post-tensioning wall system for Carterton events centre, New Zealand.” World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, International Association for Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo.
Priestley, M. J. N., Calvi, G. M., and Kowalsky, M. J. (2007). Displacement-based seismic design of structures, IUSS Press, Pavia, Italy.
Priestley, M. J. N., Sritharan, S., Conley, J. R., and Pampanin, S. (1999). “Preliminary results and conclusions from the PRESSS five-story precast concrete test building.” PCI J., 44(6), 42–67.
Rahman, A. M., and Restrepo, J. I. (2000). Earthquake resistant precast concrete buildings: Seismic performance of cantilever walls prestressed using unbonded tendons, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Sarti, F., Smith, T., Palermo, A., Pampanin, S., and Carradine, D. M. (2013). “Experimental and analytical study of replaceable Buckling-Restrained Fused-type (BRF) mild steel dissipaters.” New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Annual Conf., New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Wellington, New Zealand.
Skinner, R. I., Kelly, J. M., and Heine, A. J. (1974). “Hysteretic dampers for earthquake-resistant structures.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 3(3), 287–296.
Smith, T., et al. (2007). “Seismic response of hybrid-LVL coupled walls under quasi-static and pseudo-dynamic testing.” New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Annual Conf., New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Wellington, New Zealand.
Smith, T., et al. (2013). “Post-tensioned glulam beam-column joints with advanced damping systems: Testing and numerical analysis.” J. Earthquake Eng., 18(1), 147–167.
Spieth, H. A., Carr, A. J., Pampanin, S., Murahidy, A. G., and Mander, J. B. (2004). “Modelling of precast prestressed concrete frame structures with rocking beam-column connections.”, Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Standards New Zealand. (2004). “Structural design actions—Part 5: Earthquake actions.”, Wellington, New Zealand.
Standards New Zealand. (2006). “Concrete structures standard.”, Wellington, New Zealand.
Stone, W. C., Cheok, G. S., and Stanton, J. F. (1995). “Performance of hybrid moment-resisting precast beam-column concrete connections subjected to cyclic loading.” ACI Struct. J., 92(2), 229–249.
Zarnani, P., and Quenneville, P. (2014). “Strength of timber connections under potential failure modes: An improved design procedure.” Constr. Build. Mater., 60, 81–90.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 142 • Issue 4 • April 2016
Copyright
© 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 30, 2014
Accepted: Jan 26, 2015
Published online: Apr 8, 2015
Discussion open until: Sep 8, 2015
Published in print: Apr 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.