Performance-Based Seismic Design of Controlled Rocking Steel Braced Frames. I: Methodological Framework and Design of Base Rocking Joint
This article has been corrected.
VIEW CORRECTIONPublication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 141, Issue 9
Abstract
Controlled rocking steel braced frames (CRSBFs) are being developed as a seismic force resisting system that can be constructed economically to avoid structural damage and residual deformations following an earthquake. In a CRSBF, selected columns are permitted to uplift from the foundation in response to severe seismic loading, and posttensioning and energy dissipation are selected to control the magnitude of the rocking response. Despite extensive experimental testing to demonstrate that this behavior is stable and repeatable, there has been a lack of comprehensive guidance for potential designers of CRSBFs. This paper proposes a performance-based design methodology for CRSBFs, which consists of defining the performance objectives, designing the base rocking joint based on a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model, and capacity protecting the rest of the structure for the maximum forces expected during the rocking response. This paper focuses on the design of the base rocking joint, while Part II proposes a method for capacity designing the rest of the structure with due consideration of higher-mode effects. This paper shows how to design the base rocking joint to achieve a targeted response based on the results of 30,492 analyses of SDOF systems with flag-shaped hystereses. The SDOF results suggest that the rotation demands on the rocking joint depend on the initial stiffness of the system. For structures with initial periods less than about 0.4 s, the base rocking joint requires smaller force reduction factors than are codified for ductile seismic force-resisting systems, but much larger force reduction factors could be used for structures with longer initial periods, provided that the frame members are capacity designed and that there is sufficient deformation capacity in the posttensioning and energy dissipation elements. These conclusions are validated by considering the peak and residual displacement response of three example structures at two seismic hazard levels.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This project was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Canadian Seismic Research Network, and the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation.
References
ASCE. (2010). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.”, Reston, VA.
Azuhata, T., Ishihara, T., Midorikawa, M., and Wada, A. (2006). “Seismic response reduction of steel frames with multi-spans by applying rocking structural system.” Proc., STESSA 2006, CRC Press, London, 659–664.
Chancellor, N. B., Akbas, G., Sause, R., Ricles, J. M., Tahmasebi, E., and Joó, A. L. (2012). “Evaluation of performance-based design methodology for steel self-centering braced frame.” Proc., 7th Int. Conf. Behavior of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas (STESSA 2012), CRC Press, London.
Christopoulos, C., Filiatrault, A., and Folz, B. (2002a). “Seismic response of self-centring hysteretic SDOF systems.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31(5), 1131–1150.
Christopoulos, C., Filiatrault, A., Uang, C.-M., and Folz, B. (2002b). “Posttensioned energy dissipating connections for moment-resisting steel frames.” J. Struct. Eng., 1111–1120.
Christopoulos, C., Tremblay, R., Kim, H.-J., and Lacerte, M. (2008). “Self-centering energy dissipative bracing system for the seismic resistance of structures: Development and validation.” J. Struct. Eng., 96–107.
Clough, R. W., and Huckelbridge, A. A. (1977). “Preliminary experimental study of seismic uplift of a steel frame.”, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, CA.
DYWIDAG-Systems International (DSI). (2006). “DYWIDAG post-tensioning systems.” Bolingbrook, IL.
Eatherton, M., et al. (2014a). “Design concepts for controlled rocking of self-centering steel-braced frames.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014082.
Eatherton, M., and Hajjar, J. (2010). “Large-scale cyclic and hybrid simulation testing and development of a controlled-rocking steel building system with replaceable fuses.”, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL.
Eatherton, M., Ma, X., Krawinkler, H., Deierlein, G., and Hajjar, J. (2014b). “Quasi-static cyclic behavior of controlled rocking steel frames.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014083.
FEMA. (2009). “Quantification of building seismic performance factors.”, Washington, DC.
Gray, M., Christopoulos, C., and Packer, J. (2014). “Cast steel yielding brace system for concentrically braced frames: Concept development and experimental validations.” J. Struct. Eng., 04013095.
Huckelbridge, A. A. (1977). “Earthquake simulation tests of a nine story steel frame with columns allowed to uplift.”, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, CA.
Kelly, J. M., and Tsztoo, D. F. (1977). “Earthquake simulation testing of a stepping frame with energy-absorbing devices.”, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, CA.
Kwon, O.-S., and Kim, E. S. (2010). “Evaluation of building period formulas for seismic design.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 39(14), 1569–1583.
Latham, D. A., Reay, A. M., and Pampanin, S. (2013). “Kilmore street medical centre: Application of a post-tensioned steel rocking system.” Proc., Steel Innovations Conf. 2013, Steel Construction New Zealand, Manuakau City, New Zealand.
Ma, X., et al. (2010). “Seismic design and behavior of steel frames with controlled rocking—Part II: Large scale shake table testing and system collapse analysis.” Proc., ASCE/SEI Structures Congress 2010, Orlando, FL.
Ma, X., Krawinkler, H., and Deierlein, G. G. (2011). “Seismic design, simulation and shake table testing of self-centering braced frame with controlled rocking and energy dissipating fuses.”, John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA.
Midorikawa, M., Azuhata, T., Ishihara, T., and Wada, A. (2006). “Shaking table tests on seismic response of steel braced frames with column uplift.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 35(14), 1767–1785.
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). (2010). “Evaluation of the FEMA P695-methodology for quantification of building seismic performance factors.”, Gaithersburg, MD.
NRCC (National Research Council of Canada). (2010). “National building code of Canada.” Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Newcombe, M. P., Pampanin, S., Buchanan, A., and Palermo, A. (2008). “Section analysis and cyclic behavior of post-tensioned jointed ductile connections for multi-story timber buildings.” J. Earthquake Eng., 12(1), 83–110.
OpenSees v2.3.2 [Computer software]. Berkeley, CA, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). (2005). “NGA database.” Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, 〈http://peer.berkeley.edu/nga/〉 (Jan. 28, 2010).
Pollino, M., and Bruneau, M. (2010). “Seismic testing of a bridge steel truss pier designed for controlled rocking.” J. Struct. Eng., 1523–1532.
Priestley, M. J. N., Calvi, G. M., and Kowalsky, M. J. (2007). Displacement-based seismic design of structures, IUSS Press, Pavia, Italy.
Priestley, M. J. N., Sritharan, S., Conley, J., and Pampanin, S. (1999). “Preliminary results and conclusions from the PRESSS five-story precast concrete test building.” PCI J., 44(6), 42–67.
Ramirez, C. M., and Miranda, E. (2012). “Significance of residual drifts in building earthquake loss estimation.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 41(11), 1477–1493.
Sause, R., Ricles, J. M., Roke, D., Chancellor, N. B., and Gonner, N. P. (2010). “Seismic performance of a self-centering concentrically braced frame.” Proc., 9th US and 10th Canadian Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI), Oakland, CA.
Seo, C.-Y., and Sause, R. (2005). “Ductility demands on self-centering systems under earthquake loading.” ACI Struct. J., 102(2), 275–285.
Tremblay, R., et al. (2008). “Innovative viscously damped rocking braced frames.” Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Eng., International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE), Tokyo.
Wiebe, L., and Christopoulos, C. (2015). “Performance-based design of controlled rocking steel braced frames. II: Design of capacity-protected elements.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014227.
Wiebe, L., Christopoulos, C., Tremblay, R., and Leclerc, M. (2013a). “Mechanisms to limit higher mode effects in a controlled rocking steel frame. 1: Concept, modelling, and low-amplitude shake table testing.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 42(7), 1053–1068.
Wiebe, L., Christopoulos, C., Tremblay, R., and Leclerc, M. (2013b). “Mechanisms to limit higher mode effects in a controlled rocking steel frame. 2: Large-amplitude shake table testing.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 42(7), 1069–1086.
Wiebe, L. D. A. (2013). “Design of controlled rocking steel frames to limit higher mode effects.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 141 • Issue 9 • September 2015
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 16, 2014
Accepted: Oct 7, 2014
Published online: Nov 17, 2014
Discussion open until: Apr 17, 2015
Published in print: Sep 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.