Performance-Based Seismic Design of Controlled Rocking Steel Braced Frames. II: Design of Capacity-Protected Elements
This article has been corrected.
VIEW CORRECTIONThis article is a reply.
VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEPublication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 141, Issue 9
Abstract
Controlled rocking steel braced frames (CRSBFs) are intended to have a self-centering response that avoids damage to main structural elements. To ensure that all nonlinearity is confined to the intended elements at the rocking joint, the frame must be adequately capacity designed. This requires accurate predictions of the peak forces that are likely to develop in all members of the frame while the rocking mechanism reaches its peak rotation. Previous studies have shown that the peak forces in CRSBF members are likely to be strongly influenced by higher mode effects, but these effects can be mitigated by designing multiple nonlinear mechanisms. This paper proposes methods for estimating the peak forces in frame elements, designing an additional mechanism if it is desired to mitigate higher mode effects, and predicting the reduction in response that will be achieved by adding this mechanism. The methods are validated by designing buildings with two, six, and 12 stories, including three alternative designs that use multiple mechanisms to mitigate the higher mode effects. The six frames are modeled using OpenSees and are subjected to 44 ground motions at the maximum considered earthquake level. The peak forces in the taller frames without additional mechanisms are dominated by higher mode effects, but these effects can be estimated using the proposed method. These forces can also be reduced by designing multiple mechanisms, and the proposed method provides a reasonable design-level prediction of this force reduction.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This project was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Canadian Seismic Research Network, and the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation.
References
ASCE. (2010). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ASCE/SEI 7-10, Reston, VA.
Christopoulos, C., Tremblay, R., Kim, H.-J., and Lacerte, M. (2008). “Self-centering energy dissipative bracing system for the seismic resistance of structures: development and validation.” J. Struct. Eng., 96–107.
Eatherton, M., and Hajjar, J. (2010). “Large-scale cyclic and hybrid simulation testing and development of a controlled-rocking steel building system with replaceable fuses.”, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, IL.
Eatherton, M., Ma, X., Krawinkler, H., Deierlein, G., and Hajjar, J. (2014). “Quasi-static cyclic behavior of controlled rocking steel frames.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014083.
Erochko, J. (2013). “Improvements to the design and use of post-tensioned self-centering energy-dissipative (SCED) braces.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto.
Erochko, J., Christopoulos, C., Tremblay, R., and Kim, H.-J. (2013). “Shake table testing and numerical simulation of a self-centering energy dissipative braced frame.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 42(11), 1617–1635.
FEMA. (2009). “Quantification of building seismic performance factors.”, Washington, DC.
Gledhill, S. M., Sidwell, G. K., and Bell, D. K. (2008). “The damage avoidance design of tall steel frame buildings—Fairlie terrace student accommodation project, Victoria University of Wellington.” Proc., 2008 New Zealand Society Earthquake Engineering Conf., New Zealand Society for Earthquake, Wellington, New Zealand.
Kurama, Y., Pessiki, S., Sause, R., and Lu, L.-W. (1999). “Seismic behavior and design of unbonded post-tensioned precast concrete walls.” PCI J., 44(3), 72–89.
Kwon, O.-S., and Kim, E. S. (2010). “Evaluation of building period formulas for seismic design.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 39(14), 1569–1583.
Latham, D. A., Reay, A. M., and Pampanin, S. (2013). “Kilmore street medical centre: Application of a post-tensioned steel rocking system.” Proc., Steel Innovations Conf. 2013, Steel Construction New Zealand, Manuakau City, New Zealand.
Ma, X., et al. (2010). “Seismic design and behavior of steel frames with controlled rocking—Part II: Large scale shake table testing and system collapse analysis.” Proc., ASCE/SEI Structures Congress 2010, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Ma, X., Krawinkler, H., and Deierlein, G. G. (2011). “Seismic design, simulation and shake table testing of self-centering braced frame with controlled rocking and energy dissipating fuses.”, John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA.
Mar, D. (2010). “Design examples using mode shaping spines for frame and wall buildings.” Proc., 9th U.S. and 10th Canadian Conf. Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI), Oakland, CA.
Midorikawa, M., Azuhata, T., Ishihara, T., and Wada, A. (2006). “Shaking table tests on seismic response of steel braced frames with column uplift.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 35(14), 1767–1785.
OpenSees v2.3.2 [Computer software]. Berkeley, CA, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
Pollino, M., and Bruneau, M. (2008). “Dynamic seismic response of controlled rocking bridge steel-truss piers.” Eng Struct., 30(6), 1667–1676.
Roke, D., Sause, R., Ricles, J. M., and Chancellor, N. B. (2010). “Damage-free seismic resistant self-centering concentrically-braced frames.”, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA.
Roke, D., Sause, R., Ricles, J. M., and Gonner, N. (2009). “Damage-free seismic resistant self-centering steel concentrically-braced frames.” Proc., STESSA 2009, CRC Press, London, 3–10.
Sause, R., Ricles, J. M., Roke, D., Chancellor, N. B., and Gonner, N. P. (2010). “Seismic performance of a self-centering concentrically braced frames.” Proc., 9th US and 10th Canadian Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Toronto.
Sideris, P., Aref, A. J., and Filiatrault, A. (2014). “Large-scale seismic testing of a hybrid sliding-rocking posttensioned segmental bridge system.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014025.
Tait, J. D., Sidwell, G. K., and Finnegan, J. F. (2013). “Case study—Elevate apartments—A rocking 15 storey apartment building.” Proc., Steel Innovations Conf. 2013, Steel Construction New Zealand, Manuakau City, New Zealand.
Tremblay, R., et al. (2008a). “Innovative viscously damped rocking braced frames.” Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE), Tokyo.
Tremblay, R., Lacerte, M., and Christopoulos, C. (2008b). “Seismic response of multistory buildings with self-centering energy dissipative steel braces.” J. Struct. Eng., 108–120.
Wiebe, L., and Christopoulos, C. (2015). “Performance-based seismic design of controlled rocking steel braced frames. I: Methodological framework and design of base rocking joint.”, 04014226.
Wiebe, L., Christopoulos, C., Tremblay, R., and Leclerc, M. (2013a). “Mechanisms to limit higher mode effects in a controlled rocking steel frame. 1: Concept, modelling, and low-amplitude shake table testing.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 42(7), 1053–1068.
Wiebe, L., Christopoulos, C., Tremblay, R., and Leclerc, M. (2013b). “Mechanisms to limit higher mode effects in a controlled rocking steel frame. 2: Large-amplitude shake table testing.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 42(7), 1069–1086.
Wiebe, L. D. A. (2013). “Design of controlled rocking steel frames to limit higher mode effects.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 141 • Issue 9 • September 2015
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 16, 2014
Accepted: Oct 3, 2014
Published online: Nov 17, 2014
Discussion open until: Apr 17, 2015
Published in print: Sep 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.