Critical Assessment of Interstory Drift Measurements
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 136, Issue 12
Abstract
Interstory drift, the relative translational displacement between two consecutive floors, is an important engineering demand parameter and indicator of structural performance. The structural engineering community would benefit well from accurate measurements of interstory drift, especially where structures undergo inelastic deformation. Unfortunately, the most common method for obtaining interstory drift, double integration of measured acceleration, is problematic. Several issues associated with this method (e.g., signal processing steps and sparse instrumentation) are illustrated using data from shake table studies and two extensively instrumented buildings. Some alternative contact and noncontact methods for obtaining interstory drift are then presented.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by the Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS) under the NSF Cooperative Agreement No. UNSPECIFIEDCCR-0120778. Additional support was provided by the nees@UCLA equipment site and staff under NSF Cooperative Agreement No. UNSPECIFIEDCMMI-0402490. The writers are grateful to Dr. Robert L. Nigbor for many useful discussions.
References
Algan, B. B. (1982). “Drift and damage consideration in earthquake-resistant design of reinforced concrete buildings.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, lll.
Ansari, F. (2007). “Practical implementation of optical fiber sensors in civil structural health monitoring.” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct., 18, 879–889.
Applied Technology Council (ATC)-58. (2006). “Next-generation performance-based seismic design guidelines.” FEMA-445, Washington, D.C.
ASCE. (2005). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ASCE/SEI 7-05, Reston, Va.
Bennett, K. D., and Batroney, C. B. (1997). “Interstory drift monitoring in smart buildings using laser crosshair projection.” Opt. Eng., 36, 1889–1892.
Boore, D. M. (2003). “Analog-to-digital conversion as a source of drifts in displacements derived from digital recordings of ground acceleration.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 93, 2017–2024.
Boore, D. M., Stephens, C. D., and Joyner, W. B. (2002). “Comments on baseline correction of digital strong-motion data: Examples from the 1999 Hector Mine, CA, earthquake.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 1543–1560.
Boroschek, R. L., and Legrand, D. (2006). “Tilt motion effects on the double-time integration of linear accelerometers: An experimental approach.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 96(6), 2072–2089.
Boroschek, R. L., Moroni, M., and Sarrazin, M. (2003). “Dynamic properties of a long-span seismic isolated bridge.” Eng. Struct., 25(12), 1479–1490.
Casas, J. R., and Cruz, P. J. S. (2003). “Fiber optic sensors for bridge monitoring.” J. Bridge Eng., 8(6), 362–373.
Celebi, M. (2005). Structural monitoring arrays—Past, present and future, directions in strong motion instrumentation, P. Gulkan and J. G. Anderson, eds., Springer, Netherlands, 157–179.
Celebi, M., and Sanli, A. (2002). “GPS in pioneering dynamic monitoring of long-period structures.” Earthquake Spectra, 18, 47–61.
Celebi, M., Sanli, A., Sinclair, M., Gallant, S., and Radulescu, D. (2004). “Real-time seismic monitoring needs of a building owner—And the solution: A cooperative effort.” Earthquake Spectra, 20, 333–346.
Chen, W. M., Bennett, K. D., Feng, J., Wang, Y. P., and Huan, S. L. (1998). “Laser technique for measuring three dimensional interstory drift.” Proc. SPIE, 3555, 305–309.
Consortium of Organizations for Strong-Motion Observation Systems (COSMOS). (2009). “Strong motion record processing guidelines.” ⟨http://www.cosmos-eq.org/recordProcessingPapers.html⟩ (April 11, 2009).
Fu, G., and Moosa, A. G. (2002). “An optical approach to structural displacement measurement and its application.” J. Eng. Mech., 128(5), 511–520.
Hudnut, K. W., and Behr, J. (1998). “A continuous GPS monitoring of structural deformation at Pacoima Dam, CA.” Seismol. Res. Lett., 69, 299–308.
Hutchinson, T. C., Chaudhuri, S. R., Kuester, F., and Audong, S. (2005). “Light-based motion tracking of equipment subjected to earthquake motions.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng., 19(3), 292–303.
Iwan, W. D., Moser, M. A., and Peng, C. Y. (1985). “Some observations on strong-motion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 75, 1225–1246.
Kohler, M. D., Davis, P. D., and Safak, E. (2005). “Real-time earthquake and ambient vibration monitoring of the steel frame UCLA factor building.” Earthquake Spectra, 21(3), 715–736.
Los Angeles Tall Building Structural Design Council (LA-TBSDC). (2008). An alternative procedure for seismic analysis and design of tall buildings located in the Los Angeles Region, Los Angeles.
Naeim, F., Hagie, S., Alimoradi, A., and Miranda, E. (2005a). “Automated post-earthquake damage assessment and safety evaluation of instrumented buildings.” Rep. No. 10639, John A. Martin & Associates, Inc., Los Angeles.
Naeim, F., Lee, H., Bhatia, H., Hagie, S., and Skliros, K. (2005b). CSMIP instrumented building response analysis and 3D visualization—Technical manual, John A. Martin & Associates, Inc., Los Angeles.
Nakamura, S. (2000). “GPS measurement of wind-induced suspension bridge girder displacements.” J. Struct. Eng., 126, 1413–1419.
Pieraccini, M., et al. (2004). “Remote sensing of building structural displacements using a microwave interferometer with imaging capability.” NDT Int., 37, 545–550.
Porter, K., Mitrani-Reiser, J., and Beck, J. L. (2006). “Near-real-time loss estimation for instrumented buildings.” Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build., 15, 3–20.
Shieh, J., Huber, J. E., Fleck, N. A., and Ashby, M. F. (2001). “The selection of sensors.” Prog. Mater. Sci., 46, 461–504.
Skolnik, D. (2008). “Building instrumentation.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of California, Los Angeles.
Skolnik, D., Lei, Y., Yu, E., and Wallace, J. W. (2006). “Identification, model updating, and response prediction of an instrumented 15-story steel-frame building.” Earthquake Spectra, 22(3), 781–802.
Skolnik, D., Nigbor, R., and Wallace, J. W. (2009). “A quantitative basis for strong motion instrumentation specifications.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 99, 3275–3283.
Su, M. B. (1998). “TDR monitoring systems for the integrity of infrastructures.” Proc. SPIE, 3325, 93–103.
Tamura, Y., Matsui, M., Pagnini, L. C., Ishibashi R., and Yoshida A. (2002). “Measurement of wind-induced response of buildings using RTK-GPS.” J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 90(15), 1783–1793.
Todorovska, M. I. (1998). “Cross-axis sensitivity of accelerographs with pendulum like transducers—Mathematical model and the inverse problem.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 27, 1031–1051.
Trifunac, M. D., and Todorovska, M. I. (2001). “A note on the useable dynamic range of accelerographs recording translation.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 21, 275–286.
Wahbeh, M. A., Caffrey, J. P., and Masri, S. F. (2003). “A vision-based approach for the direct measurement of displacements in vibrating systems.” Smart Mater. Struct., 12, 785–794.
Wong, H. L., and Trifunac, M. D. (1977). “Effects of cross-axis sensitivity and misalignment of the response of mechanical-optical accelerographs.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 67, 929–956.
Worden, K. (1990). “Data processing and experimental design for the restoring force surface method. Part I: Integration and differentiation of measured time data.” Mech. Syst. Signal Process., 4, 295–319.
Yu, E., Skolnik, D., Whang, D., and Wallace, J. W. (2008). “Forced vibration testing of a four story RC building utilizing the nees@UCLA mobile field laboratory.” Earthquake Spectra, 24(4), 969–995.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 136 • Issue 12 • December 2010
Pages: 1574 - 1584
Copyright
© 2010 ASCE.
History
Received: Apr 15, 2009
Accepted: May 3, 2010
Published online: May 27, 2010
Published in print: Dec 2010
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.