Performance of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Doped Fired Clay Bricks
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 12
Abstract
In this study, the effect of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on various properties of a fired clay brick was investigated and subsequently compared with other kinds of bricks. MWCNT doped bricks and traditional bricks were prepared in laboratory conditions and commercially available bricks were obtained from a nearby manufacturer. Each group of bricks were subjected to various tests such as visual examination, dimension tolerance test, efflorescence test, water absorption test, impact resistance test, soundness test, hardness test, structure test, compressive strength test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. An extensive characterization of soil, water, and MWCNT was carried out. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were done to characterize soil in addition to basic consistency limit tests. MWCNT was characterized using XRD, SEM-EDS, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Soil passing through a 425-μm sieve was used to manufacture MWCNT doped brick (0.01% of water by weight) and traditional bricks. The compressive strength of MWCNT doped bricks was 53.9% and 45.52% more as compared to commercially available and traditional bricks. An adequate reduction in water absorption was recorded when compared with traditional and commercially available bricks. Economic analysis was also carried out, which marked an increase of $0.0134 per brick in the manufacturing of MWCNT doped bricks.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance provided by the TEQIP-III cell of Rajkiya Engineering College, Azamgarh for this study.
References
ASTM. 2012. Standard specification for building brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale). ASTM C62-12. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bahmani, S. H., B. B. K. Huat, A. Asadi, and N. Farzadnia. 2014. “Stabilization of residual soil using nanoparticles and cement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 64 (Aug): 350–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.086.
Bakar, B. H., S. Saari, and N. A. Surip. 2017. “Water absorption characteristic of interlocking compressed earth brick units.” In Proc., AIP Conf. Melville, NY: AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5005649.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1970. Classification and identification of soils for general engineering purposes. IS 1498. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1985. Methods of test for soils, part 5: Determination of liquid limit and plastic limit. IS 2720 (part 5). New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1992a. Common burnt clay building bricks: Specification. IS 1077. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1992b. Methods of tests of burnt clay building brick. IS 3495 Parts 1-4. New Delhi, India: BIS.
Carty, W. M., and U. Senapati. 1998. “Porcelain? Raw materials, processing, phase evolution, and mechanical behavior.” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 81 (1): 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02290.x.
Casaleiro, P. D. F. 2014. “Chemical stabilization of the soft soil of Baixo Mondego by nanomaterials.” [In Portuguese.] Master’s thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Coimbra.
Cavaco, E., I. Grilo, J. Paulo Gouveia, E. Júlio, and L. Neves. 2018. “Mechanical performance of eco-efficient hollow clay bricks incorporating industrial nano-crystalline aluminium sludge.” Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 24 (12): 1921–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2018.1492974.
Coo, J. L., Z. P. S. So, and C. W. W. Ng. 2016. “Effect of nanoparticles on the shrinkage properties of clay.” Eng. Geol. 213 (Nov): 84–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.09.001.
Correia, A. A., P. D. F. Casaleiro, and M. G. Rasteiro. 2015. “Applying multiwall carbon nanotubes for soil stabilization.” Procedia Eng. 102 (Jan): 1766–1775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.313.
Cultrone, G., E. Sebastián, and M. J. de la Torre. 2005. “Mineralogical and physical behaviour of solid bricks with additives.” Constr. Build. Mater. 19 (1): 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.04.035.
Darweesh, H. H. M., and E. M. Negim. 2012. “Densification and thermomechanical properties of conventional ceramic composites containing two different industrial byproducts.” J. Sci. Res. 7 (Jan): 123–130. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.aejsr.2012.7.3.1104.
Dawood, E. T., and M. S. Mahmood. 2021. “Production of sustainable concrete brick units using nano-silica.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 14 (Jun): e00498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00498.
Dimou, A.-E., C.-M. Charalampidou, Z. S. Metaxa, S. K. Kourkoulis, I. Karatasios, G. Asimakopoulos, and N. D. Alexopoulos. 2020. “Mechanical and electrical properties of hydraulic lime pastes reinforced with carbon nanomaterials.” Procedia Struct. Integrity 28 (Jan): 1694–1701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2020.10.144.
Ebbesen, T. W., and P. M. Ajayan. 1992. “Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes.” Nature 358 (6383): 220–222. https://doi.org/10.1038/358220a0.
Figueiredo, D. T. R., A. A. Correia, D. Hunkeler, and M. G. Rasteiro. 2015. “Surfactants for dispersion of carbon nanotubes applied in soil stabilization.” Colloids Surf., A 480 (15): 405–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.12.027.
Iijima, S. 1991. “Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon.” Nature 354 (6348): 56–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/354056a0.
Iranpour, B., and A. Haddad. 2016. “The influence of nanomaterials on collapsible soil treatment.” Eng. Geol. 205 (Apr): 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.02.015.
Journet, C., W. K. Maser, P. Bernier, A. Loiseau, M. L. de la Chapelle, S. Lefrant, P. Deniard, R. Lee, and J. E. Fischer. 1997. “Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the electric-arc technique.” Nature 388 (6644): 756–758. https://doi.org/10.1038/41972.
Karaman, S., H. Gunal, and S. Ersahin. 2008. “Quantitative analysis of pumice effect on some physical and mechanical properties of clay bricks.” J. Appl. Sci. 8 (7): 1340–1345. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2008.1340.1345.
Luo, H.-L., D.-H. Hsiao, D.-F. Lin, and C.-K. Lin. 2012. “Cohesive soil stabilized using sewage sludge ash/cement and nano aluminum oxide.” Int. J. Transp. Sci. Technol. 1 (1): 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1260/2046-0430.1.1.83.
Madurwar, M. V., S. A. Mandavgane, and R. V. Ralegaonkar. 2015. “Development and feasibility analysis of bagasse ash bricks.” J. Energy Eng. 141 (3): 04014022. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000200.
Meyyappan, M. 2005. Carbon nanotubes science and application, 15–80. New York: CRS Press.
Muheise-Araalia, D., and S. Pavia. 2021. “Properties of unfired, illitic-clay bricks for sustainable construction.” Constr. Build. Mater. 268 (Jan): 121118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121118.
Niroumand, H., M. F. M. Zain, and S. N. Alhosseini. 2013. “The influence of nano-clays on compressive strength of earth bricks as sustainable materials.” Procedia–Soc. Behav. Sci. 89 (Oct): 862–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.945.
Rauta, P. R., and N. Sahoo. 2015. “Properties enhancement of refractory bricks by incorporation of nano materials.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Nascent Technologies in the Engineering Field (ICNTE). New York: IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/icnte.2015.7029908.
Ridwan, M., R. Kurniawan, and Agus. 2018. “An evaluation of mechanical properties of clay brick for masonry wall in Indonesia.” In Vol. 215 of Proc., MATEC Web of Conf., 01034. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821501034.
Shaqour, E., Abo Alela, A., and A. Rsheed. 2021. “Improved fired clay brick compressive strength by recycling wastes of blacksmiths’ workshops.” J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 68 (1): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-021-00002-2.
Siddique, R., and A. Mehta. 2014. “Effect of carbon nanotubes on properties of cement mortars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 50 (Jan): 116–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.019.
Surul, O., T. Bilir, A. Gholampour, M. Sutcu, T. Ozbakkaloglu, and O. Gencel. 2022. “Recycle of ground granulated blast furnace slag and fly ash on eco-friendly brick production.” Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 26 (5): 1738–1756. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2020.1731714.
Sutas, J., A. Mana, and L. Pitak. 2012. “Effect of rice husk and rice husk ash to properties of bricks.” Procedia Eng. 32 (Jan): 1061–1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.02.055.
Sweetman, M., S. May, N. Mebberson, P. Pendleton, K. Vasilev, S. Plush, and J. Hayball. 2017. “Activated carbon, carbon nanotubes and graphene: Materials and composites for advanced water purification.” J. Carbon Res. 3 (2): 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/c3020018.
Taha, M. R., J. M. Alsharef, R. A. Al-Mansob, and T. A. Khan. 2018. “Effects of nano-carbon reinforcement on the swelling and shrinkage behaviour of soil.” Sains Malaysiana 47 (1): 195–205. https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4701-23.
Taha, M. R., and O. M. Taha. 2012. “Influence of nano-material on the expansive and shrinkage soil behavior.” J. Nanopart. Res. 14 (10): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1190-0.
Thess, A., et al. 1996. “Crystalline ropes of metallic carbon nanotubes.” Science 273 (5274): 483–487. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.273.5274.483.
Tripathi, M., and V. B. Chauhan. 2021. “Evaluation of waste glass powder to replace the clay in fired brick manufacturing as a construction material.” Innovative Infrastruct. Solut. 6 (3): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00492-2.
Venkatarama Reddy, B. V., and K. S. Jagadish. 2003. “Embodied energy of common and alternative building materials and technologies.” Energy Build. 35 (2): 129–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(01)00141-4.
Zhang, L. 2013. “Production of bricks from waste materials—A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 47 (Oct): 643–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.043.
Zou, Y., Y. Feng, L. Wang, and X. Liu. 2004. “Processing and properties of MWNT/HDPE composites.” Carbon 42 (2): 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2003.10.028.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34 • Issue 12 • December 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 16, 2021
Accepted: Apr 5, 2022
Published online: Oct 7, 2022
Published in print: Dec 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Mar 7, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Anish Kumar, Sanjeev Sinha, Pramod Kumar Srivastava, Stochastic Investigation into the Heterogeneity of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Infused Clay Bricks, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-17128, 36, 4, (2024).