Determination of Rejuvenator Proportion within the Recycled Bitumen: Empirical Double-Logarithmic Formula and Calibration
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 12
Abstract
Rejuvenators as environmentally-friendly materials can restore the properties of aged bitumen physically or chemically. A proper dosage of a rejuvenator can achieve the desired properties of bitumen. Thus, this study proposed a method, the empirical double-logarithmic formula and calibration, based on physical properties to determine the appropriate rejuvenator dosage within aged bitumen for the desired properties. Three different rejuvenators were selected to restore recycled/aged bitumen extracted from reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) to a similar level as that of neat bitumen with penetration of 70–100 (reference bitumen). The initial estimation of rejuvenator dosage was determined by the viscosity of rejuvenators and recycled bitumen using an empirical double-logarithmic formula; the penetration and softening point of one rejuvenated bitumen were applied to calibrate the rejuvenator dosage within recycled bitumen. After the determination of the rejuvenator portion within recycled bitumen, rejuvenated bitumen was compared with reference bitumen regarding penetration, softening point, Fraass breaking point, complex modulus, phase angle, and PG upper temperature; the properties of rejuvenated bitumen over aging degree (short-term aging and long-term aging) were also compared with that of reference bitumen using softening point, Fraass breaking point, complex modulus, phase angle, rutting factor, and fatigue factor. It was found that this method can accurately calculate the rejuvenator dosage in recycled bitumen with a few available physical parameters; the rejuvenated bitumen showed similar equivalent properties as reference bitumen, and the three rejuvenators have a lasting effect on recycled bitumen. Therefore, this method is recommended for calculating the rejuvenator dosage of recycled bitumen due to its convenience and less demand for tests.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their appreciation to Xueli Zhang for her help during the research work.
References
Bukka, K., J. D. Miller, and A. G. Oblad. 1991. “Fractionation and characterization of Utah tar sand bitumens: Influence of chemical-composition on bitumen viscosity.” Energy Fuel 5 (2): 333–340. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00026a019.
Cai, X., J. Y. Zhang, G. Xu, M. H. Gong, X. H. Chen, and J. Yang. 2019. “Internal aging indexes to characterize the aging behavior of two bio-rejuvenated asphalts.” J. Cleaner Prod. 220 (May): 1231–1238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.203.
Cavalli, M. C., M. Zaumanis, E. Mazza, M. N. Partl, and L. D. Poulikakos. 2018. “Aging effect on rheology and cracking behaviour of reclaimed binder with bio-based rejuvenators.” J. Cleaner Prod. 189 (Jul): 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.305.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2012a. Bitumen and bituminous binders—Accelerated long-term ageing conditioning by a Pressure ageing vessel (PAV). EN 14769:2012. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2012b. Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of complex shear modulus and phase angle—Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). EN 14770:2012. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2014. Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of the resistance to hardening under influence of heat and air—Part 2: TFOT method. EN 12607-2:2014. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2015a. Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of needle penetration. EN 1426:2015. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2015b. Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of softening temperature—Ring and ball method. EN 1427:2015. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2015c. Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of the Fraass breaking point. EN 12593:2015. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2018. Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of dynamic viscosity of bitumen and bituminous binders by cone and plate method. EN 13702:2018. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Fang, Y., Z. Zhang, J. Yang, and X. Li. 2021. “Comprehensive review on the application of bio-rejuvenator in the regeneration of waste asphalt materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 295 (Aug): 123631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123631.
Hou, X. D., S. T. Lv, Z. Chen, and F. P. Xiao. 2018. “Applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technologies on asphalt materials.” Measurement 121 (Jun): 304–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.03.001.
Huang, W., Y. Guo, Y. Zheng, Q. Ding, C. Sun, J. Yu, M. Zhu, and H. Yu. 2021. “Chemical and rheological characteristics of rejuvenated bitumen with typical rejuvenators.” Constr. Build. Mater. 273 (Mar): 121525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121525.
Hussein, Z. H., H. Yaacob, M. K. Idham, N. A. Hassan, L. J. Choy, and R. P. Jaya. 2020. “Restoration of aged bitumen properties using maltenes.” In Proc., 2nd Global Congress on Construction, Material and Structural Engineering, 713. Melaka, Malaysia: Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
Jacobs, G., A. Margaritis, D. Hernando, L. He, and J. Blom. 2021. “Influence of soft binder and rejuvenator on the mechanical and chemical properties of bituminous binders.” J. Cleaner Prod. 287 (Mar): 125596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125596.
Joni, H. H., R. H. A. Al-Rubaee, and M. A. Al-zerkani. 2019. “Rejuvenation of aged asphalt binder extracted from reclaimed asphalt pavement using waste vegetable and engine oils.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 11 (Dec): e00279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00279.
Kennedy, T. W., W. O. Tam, and M. Solaimanian. 1998. “Optimizing use of reclaimed asphalt pavement with the Superpave system.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol. 67: 311–333.
KFA (Kontrollordningen for Asfaltgjienvinning). 2020. “Blandeprosedyre for rejuvenator.” Accessed September 28, 2020. https://www.asfaltgjenvinning.no/resources/files/infoskriv/KFA_Blandeprosedyre_for_rejuvenator.pdf.
KFA (Kontrollordningen for Asfaltgjienvinning). 2021. “ANNUAL REPORT 2020 (in Norwegian).” Accessed April 1, 2021. https://www.asfaltgjenvinning.no/nyheter/gjenbruksveilederen.
Lin, P., X. Y. Liu, P. Apostolidis, S. Erkens, S. S. Ren, S. Xu, T. Scarpas, and W. D. Huang. 2021. “On the rejuvenator dosage optimization for aged SBS modified bitumen.” Constr. Build. Mater. 271 (Feb): 121913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121913.
Mogawer, W. S., E. H. Fini, A. J. Austerman, A. Booshehrian, and B. Zada. 2016. “Performance characteristics of high reclaimed asphalt pavement containing bio-modifier.” Road Mater. Pavement 17 (3): 753–767. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1096820.
Nciri, N., T. Shin, N. Kim, A. Caron, H. Ben Ismail, and N. Cho. 2020. “Towards the use of waste pig fat as a novel potential bio-based rejuvenator for recycled asphalt pavement.” Materials 13 (4): 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13041002.
NPRA (Norwegian Public Roads Administration). 2018. Norwegian pavement design handbook N200. Brynsengfaret, Oslo: NPRA.
Servas, V., A. Edler, M. Ferreira, and E. Assen. 1987. “An integrated approach for determining additive requirements in hot mix recycling.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 6th Int. Conf., Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. of Michigan.
Shen, J., M. Konno, and M. Takahashi. 2001. “Evaluation of recycled asphalts by SHRP binder specification.” J. Pavement Eng. 6: 54–60. https://doi.org/10.2208/journalpe.6.54.
Taziani, E. A., E. Toraldo, M. Crispino, and F. Giustozzi. 2017. “Application of rejuvenators and virgin bitumen to restore physical and rheological properties of RAP binder.” Aust. J. Civ. Eng. 15 (2): 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/14488353.2017.1383580.
Yan, K., H. Lan, Z. Duan, W. Liu, L. You, S. Wu, and M. Miljković. 2021. “Mechanical performance of asphalt rejuvenated with various vegetable oils.” Constr. Build. Mater. 293 (Jul): 123485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123485.
Yang, H., and R. Dong. 2021. “Investigating the properties of rejuvenated asphalt with the modified rejuvenator prepared by waste cooking oil and waste tire crumb rubber.” J. Cleaner Prod. 315 (Jan): 125692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125692.
Zaumanis, M., R. B. Mallick, and R. Frank. 2014. “Determining optimum rejuvenator dose for asphalt recycling based on Superpave performance grade specifications.” Constr. Build. Mater. 69 (Oct): 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.035.
Zhang, R., Z. P. You, H. N. Wang, X. Chen, C. D. Si, and C. Peng. 2018. “Using bio-based rejuvenator derived from waste wood to recycle old asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 189 (Nov): 568–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.201.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34 • Issue 12 • December 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 22, 2021
Accepted: Mar 16, 2022
Published online: Oct 10, 2022
Published in print: Dec 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Mar 10, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Jianan Liu, Zhenjun Wang, Haosen Jing, Xuemei Zhang, Wentao Shi, Xiaowei Zhou, Linjian Yuan, Xiaofeng Wang, Inge Hoff, Sustainable Utilization of Recycled Waste in High-Viscosity Asphalt Binders: Case for Improvement in Aging Resistance, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-16026, 35, 9, (2023).
- Xuemei Zhang, Hao Chen, Diego Maria Barbieri, Baowen Lou, Inge Hoff, The classification and reutilisation of recycled asphalt pavement binder: Norwegian case study, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01491, 17, (e01491), (2022).