Abstract

Toothed metal-plate connector (MPC) is a cost-effective connection method, easy to install with high assembly efficiency for manufacturing engineered timber trusses. In this study, In order to combine the advantages of the MPC with glued laminated bamboo (glubam) structures, a total of 136 MPC glubam joints, divided into 22 groups according to testing parameters, were tested and analyzed. Design strength values of the anchorage strength of metal plate tooth embedded in glubam, the tensile and shear strengths of toothed metal plate in glubam joints were provided in reference of the existing timber code specifications. The results show that the linear interpolation formula provided by the existing design code largely overestimates the anchorage strength of metal plate tooth embedded in glubam for the nonorthogonal loading directions. An angular equation expressed as the loading direction is therefore proposed. The design shear strength of aligning the major axis (tooth slot direction) of the metal plate parallel to the plate longitudinal direction is higher than that of aligning plate major axis perpendicular to the plate longitudinal direction, especially for the combined shear and tension loading. The design tensile and shear strengths of the MPC glubam joints are obviously larger than those of the Class I MPC timber joints given in the Chinese Standard, indicating that the MPC glubam is hopeful to be alternative to replace the MPC timber structures such as roof truss systems.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

All data and models generated or used during this study are available from the corresponding author by request.

Acknowledgments

This research reported in this article was carried out under the support of China Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) National Key Research and Development Project for Developing eco-friendly structural systems for prefabricated residential buildings in rural areas (2019YFD1101005), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51678228 and 51978606), Zhejiang University (Ninghai) Joint Research Center for Bio-based Materials and Carbon Neutral Development.

References

ANSI. 2014. National design standard for metal plate connected wood truss construction. ANSI/TPI 1-2014. Alexandria, VA: Truss Plate Institute.
ASTM. 2006. Standard test methods for mechanical fasteners in wood. ASTM D1761-06. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2021. Standard test methods for small clear specimens of timber. ASTM D143. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bouldin, J. C., J. R. Loferski, and D. P. Hindman. 2014. “Inspection of metal plate–connected wood trusses in residential construction.” Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr. 19 (2): 04014009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000195.
Chen, G., W. Q. Yang, T. Zhou, Y. F. Yu, J. Wu, H. Jiang, X. Li, and Y. X. Zhang. 2021. “Experiments on laminated bamboo lumber nailed connections.” Constr. Build. Mater. 269 (Feb): 121321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121321.
Chen, Y., S. Zhu, Y. Guo, S. Liu, D. Tu, and H. Fan. 2016. “Investigation on withdrawal resistance of screws in reconstituted bamboo lumber.” Wood Res. 61 (5): 799–810.
Chinese Standard. 2010. Metallic materials—Tensile testing—Part 1: Method of test at room temperature. GB/T 228.1-2010. Beijing: Standards Press of China.
Chinese Standard. 2012. Technical code for light wood trusses. JGJ/T 265-2012. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
Chinese Standard. 2018. High strength low alloy structural steels. GB/T1591-2018. Beijing: Standards Press of China.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2014. Method of test for evaluation of truss plate used in lumber joints. CSA S347. Toronto: CSA.
Donald, A. B., and E. W. Frank. 2011. “Creep deflection in design of metal plate-connected wood trusses.” Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr. 16 (1): 10–14. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000079.
Feng, L., Y. Xiao, B. Shan, J. Chen, and Y. L. Shen. 2014. “Experimental study on bearing capacity of glubam beam-column bolted joints.” J. Build. Struct. 35 (4): 230–235.
Funtekin, E. 2009. “Performance of Turkish Calabrian pine timber joints constructed with metal plate connectors.” Wood Res. 54 (3): 99–108.
Gebremedhin, K. G., M. C. Jorgensen, and C. B. Woelfel. 1992. “Load-slip characteristics of metal plate connected wood joints tested in tension and shear.” Wood Fiber Sci. 24 (2): 118–132.
Guo, W., et al. 2013. “Tension performance of metal-plate connected joints of Chinese larch dimension lumber.” BioResources 8 (4): 5666–5677. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.4.5666-5677.
Guo, W., S. Song, Z. H. Jiang, G. Wang, Z. J. Sun, X. H. Wang, F. Yang, H. Chen, S. Q. Shi, and B. H. Fei. 2014. “Effect of metal-plate connector on tension properties of metal-plate connected Dahurian larch lumber joints.” J. Mater. Sci. Res. 3 (3): 40–47. https://doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v3n3p40.
Gupta, R. 1994. “Metal-plate connected tension joints under different loading conditions.” Wood Fiber Sci. 26 (2): 212–222.
Gupta, R., and K. G. Gebremedhin. 1990. “Destructive testing of metal-plate-connected wood truss joints.” J. Struct. Eng. 116 (7): 1971–1982. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1990)116:7(1971).
Gupta, R., and M. Vatovec. 1996. “Evaluation of Dahurian larch in mechanical connections.” For. Prod. J. 46 (9): 89–93.
He, Z. W., and Y. Xiao. 2020. “Experimental study on axial pull-out behavior of steel rebars glued-in glubam.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (3): 04020021. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003080.
ISO. 2019. Bamboo structures—Determination of physical and mechanical properties of bamboo culms—Test methods. ISO 22157. Geneva: ISO.
Kent, S. M., R. Gupta, and T. H. Miller. 1997. “Dynamic behavior of metal-plate-connected wood truss joints.” J. Struct. Eng. 123 (8): 1037–1045. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:8(1037).
Li, T. Y., B. Shan, Y. Xiao, Y. R. Guo, and M. P. Zhang. 2020. “Axially loaded single threaded rod glued in glubam joint.” Constr. Build. Mater. 244 (May): 118302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118302.
Li, Y. S., Q. F. Shan, M. Mao, and J. L. Zhang. 2022. “Study on the bond performance of bamboo-steel interface after cyclic loading.” In Vol. 37 of Structures, 807–818. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Percival, D. H., and S. K. Suddarth. 1989. Long-term tests of 4×2 parallel-chord metal-plate-connected wood trusses. Champaign, IL: Small Homes Council–Building Research Council of the Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Rakesh, G., V. Milan, and H. M. Thomas. 1996. Metal-plate-connected wood joints: A literature review. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State Univ.
Ramirez, F., J. F. Correal, L. E. Yamin, J. C. Atoche, and C. M. Piscal. 2012. “Dowel-bearing strength behavior of glued laminated Guadua bamboo.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24 (11): 1378–1387. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000515.
Shan, B., C. Q. Chen, J. Y. Deng, T. Y. Li, and Y. Xiao. 2021. “Assessing adhesion and glue-line defects in cold-pressing lamination of glubam.” Constr. Build. Mater. 274 (Mar): 122106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122106.
Shan, B., Z. Y. Wang, T. Y. Li, and Y. Xiao. 2020. “Experimental and analytical investigations on short-term behavior of glubam-concrete composite beams.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (3): 04019217. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002517.
Shan, B., Y. Xiao, W. L. Zhang, and B. Liu. 2017. “Mechanical behavior of connections for glubam-concrete composite beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 143 (Jul): 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.136.
Song, X. B., and F. Lam. 2009. “Laterally braced wood beam-columns subjected to biaxial eccentric loading.” Comput. Struct. 87 (17–18): 1058–1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2009.04.007.
Song, X. B., and F. Lam. 2012. “Stability analysis of metal-plate-connected wood truss assemblies.” J. Struct. Eng. 138 (9): 1110–1119. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000502.Song, X. B., F. Lam, H. Huang, and M. J. He. 2010. “Stability capacity of metal plate connected wood truss assemblies.” J. Struct. Eng. 136 (6): 723–730. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000163.
Tan, C., H. T. Li, D. D. Wei, R. Lorenzo, and C. G. Yuan. 2020. “Mechanical performance of parallel bamboo strand lumber columns under axial compression: Experimental and numerical investigation.” Constr. Build. Mater. 231 (Jan): 117168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117168.
Tang, Z., B. Shan, W. G. Li, Q. Peng, and Y. Xiao. 2019. “Structural behavior of glubam I-joists.” Constr. Build. Mater. 224 (Nov): 292–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.082.
Trujillo, D., and L. F. López. 2016. “Bamboo material characterisation.” In Nonconventional and vernacular construction materials, 365–392. Sawston, UK: Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100038-0.00013-5.
Wang, R., S. Q. Wei, Z. Li, and Y. Xiao. 2019. “Performance of connection system used in lightweight glubam shear wall.” Constr. Build. Mater. 206 (May): 419–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.081.
Wang, Z. Y., Y. Wei, N. Li, K. Zhao, and M. M. Ding. 2020. “Flexural behavior of bamboo–concrete composite beams with perforated steel plate connections.” J. Wood Sci. 66 (4): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-020-1854-9.
Wu, J. M. 2016. “Test research on ultimate strength of metal-plate-connected glubam joints.” Master’s thesis, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan Univ.
Wu, J. M., Y. Xiao, and S. Elise. 2016. “Research on ultimate strength of toothed plate connected glubam joints.” Ind. Constr. 46 (7): 118–123.
Xiao, Y. 2022. Engineered bamboo structures, 360. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Xiao, Y., G. Chen, and L. Feng. 2013a. “Experimental studies on roof trusses made of glubam.” Mater. Struct. 47 (11): 1879–1890. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0157-7.
Xiao, Y., and J. Ma. 2012. “Fire simulation test and analysis of laminated bamboo frame building.” Constr. Build. Mater. 34 (Sep): 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.077.
Xiao, Y., and B. Shan. 2013. Modern bamboo structures—Glubam. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
Xiao, Y., B. Shan, G. Chen, Q. Zhou, and Y. L. She. 2008. “Development of a new type of glulam: GluBam.” In Proc., 1st Int. Conf. of Modern Bamboo Structures (ICBS), edited by Y. Xiao, S. K. Paudel, and M. Inoue. London: CRC Press.
Xiao, Y., Y. Wu, J. Li, and R. Z. Yang. 2017. “An experimental study on shear strength of glubam.” Constr. Build. Mater. 150 (Sep): 490–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.005.
Xiao, Y., R. Z. Yang, and B. Shan. 2013b. “Production, environmental impact and mechanical properties of glubam.” Constr. Build. Mater. 44 (Jul): 765–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.087.
Xiao, Y., Q. Zhou, and B. Shan. 2010. “Design and construction of modern bamboo bridges.” J. Bridge Eng. 15 (5): 533–541. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000089.
Yang, R. Z., Y. Xiao, and F. Lam. 2014. “Failure analysis of typical glubam with bidirectional fibers by off-axis tension tests.” Constr. Build. Mater. 58 (May): 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.014.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34Issue 12December 2022

History

Received: Sep 29, 2021
Accepted: Mar 29, 2022
Published online: Sep 23, 2022
Published in print: Dec 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Feb 23, 2023

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Professor and Vice Director of Structural Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency of the Ministry of Education of China, Hunan Univ., Changsha 410082, China; School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hainan Univ., Haikou 570228, China. Email: [email protected]
Research Assistant, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan Univ., Changsha 410082, China. Email: [email protected]
Research Assistant, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan Univ., Changsha 410082, China. Email: [email protected]
Research Assistant, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji Univ., Shanghai 314033, China. Email: [email protected]
Research Assistant, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan Univ., Changsha 410082, China. Email: [email protected]
Distinguished Professor and Program Director, Energy, Environment and Infrastructure Sciences, Zhejiang University–University of Illinois Joint Institute, Zhejiang Univ., Haining 314400, China; Sonny Astani Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4909-0700. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share