Composite Asphalt Modification with Waste EPDM Rubber and Tire Pyrolytic Oil: Rheological, Chemical, and Morphological Evaluation
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 12
Abstract
Waste ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber and tire pyrolytic oil (TPO) derived from waste tire pyrolysis have shown promising results for their use in asphalt binder modification. However, their incorporation has shown improvements mainly either on rutting or fatigue behavior of the resultant asphalt binders. Composite modification may be a viable option to achieve improved performance with these two materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rheological, morphological, and chemical properties of asphalt binders produced through both individual and composite modifications using waste EPDM rubber and TPO. For composite modification, two different blending schemes were used: (1) sequential addition of TPO and EPDM rubber to the heated base asphalt binder; and (2) premixing of TPO and EPDM rubber prior to addition to the heated base asphalt. In the latter case, before being added to the base asphalt, TPO premixed EPDM rubber was conditioned at two temperatures (25°C and 90°C) to see the effect of different conditioning temperatures in composite modification. Firstly, the conventional properties of all the binders in the unaged state were assessed, followed by the evaluation of short-term-aged binders for Superpave and Shenoy rutting parameters, frequency sweep, zero shear viscosity, multiple stress creep and recovery, and Burger’s modeling. The long-term-aged binders were evaluated through the Superpave fatigue parameter, Glover-Rowe parameter, and linear amplitude sweep. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and optical microscopy were used for chemical and morphological analyses. The premixing of EPDM and TPO accompanied with conditioning at 90°C imparted a synergistic effect with improvements in both rutting and fatigue performance of binder. The improvement in performance attributes was ascribed to the preswelling of EPDM rubber with TPO, which was evident from the morphological analysis. FTIR provided evidence of chemical interaction between EPDM rubber and TPO during the conditioning and blending processes.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Goenvi Technologies Pvt. Ltd. (Mumbai, India) for supplying the tire pyrolytic oil used in this study. We also thank the Central Instruments Facility (CIF), IIT Guwahati for conducting FESEM.
References
AASHTO. 2018. Standard method of test for estimating fatigue resistance of asphalt binders using the linear amplitude sweep. AASHTO TP 101. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Ahmad, M. F., S. B. Ahmed Zaidi, A. Fareed, N. Ahmad, and I. Hafeez. 2021. “Assessment of sugar cane bagasse bio-oil as an environmental friendly alternative for pavement engineering applications.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1870114.
Alvarez, J., G. Lopez, M. Amutio, N. M. Mkhize, B. Danon, P. Van der Gryp, J. F. Görgens, J. Bilbao, and M. Olazar. 2017. “Evaluation of the properties of tyre pyrolysis oils obtained in a conical spouted bed reactor.” Energy 128 (Jun): 463–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.163.
Anderson, R. M., G. N. King, D. I. Hanson, and P. B. Blankenship. 2011. “Evaluation of the relationship between asphalt binder properties and non-load related cracking.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol. 80: 615–664.
ASTM. 2012. Standard test method for effect of heat and air on a moving film of asphalt (rolling thin-film oven test). ASTM D2872. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015a. Standard test method for multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer. ASTM D7405. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015b. Standard test method for viscosity determination of asphalt at elevated temperatures using a rotational viscometer. ASTM D4402. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018. Standard practice for accelerated aging of asphalt binder using a pressurized aging vessel (PAV). ASTM D6521. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Barlow, F. W. 2018. Rubber compounding: Principles, materials, and techniques. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1978a. Methods for testing tar and bituminous materials: Determination of ductility. IS 1208. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1978b. Methods for testing tar and bituminous materials: Determination of penetration. IS 1203. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1978c. Methods for testing tar and bituminous materials: Determination of softening point. IS 1205. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1978d. Methods for testing tar and bituminous materials: Determination of solubility in carbon disulphide or trichloroethylene. IS 1216. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1978e. Methods for testing tar and bituminous materials: Determination of viscosity. IS 1206. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1998. Methods of test for petroleum and its products. IS 1448. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2013. Indian standard: Paving bitumen specification. IS 73. New Delhi, India: BIS.
Bonemazzi, F., V. Braga, R. Corrieri, C. Giavarini, and F. Sartori. 1996. “Characteristics of polymers and polymer-modified binders.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1535 (1): 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153500106.
Chegenizadeh, A., M. O. Aung, and H. Nikraz. 2021. “Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) effect on asphalt performance.” Buildings 11 (8): 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080315.
Chen, C., R. C. Williams, J. H. Podolsky, A. D. Hohmann, and E. W. Cochran. 2021. “Effect of blending protocol on the performance of SBS/sulfur/soybean-derived additive composite modified hard asphalt.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 22 (12): 1504–1517. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2019.1698741.
Coates, J. P. 1996. “The interpretation of infrared spectra: Published reference sources.” Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 31 (1–2): 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704929608000568.
Czajczyńska, D., R. Krzyżyńska, H. Jouhara, and N. Spencer. 2017. “Use of pyrolytic gas from waste tire as a fuel: A review.” Energy 134 (Sep): 1121–1131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.042.
Dahiya, A. 2014. Bioenergy: Biomass to biofuels. 1st ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Academic Press.
D’Angelo, J., and R. Dongré. 2009. “Practical use of multiple stress creep and recovery test: Characterization of styrene–butadiene–styrene dispersion and other additives in polymer-modified asphalt binders.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2126 (1): 73–82. https://doi.org/10.3141%2F2126-09.
Domingos, M. D. I., and A. L. Faxina. 2016. “Susceptibility of asphalt binders to rutting: Literature review.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (2): 04015134. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001364.
Dong, D., X. Huang, X. Li, and L. Zhang. 2012. “Swelling process of rubber in asphalt and its effect on the structure and properties of rubber and asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 29 (Apr): 316–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.021.
Dong, Z.-J., T. Zhou, H. Luan, R. C. Williams, P. Wang, and Z. Leng. 2019. “Composite modification mechanism of blended bio-asphalt combining styrene-butadiene-styrene with crumb rubber: A sustainable and environmental-friendly solution for wastes.” J. Cleaner Prod. 214 (Mar): 593–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.004.
Elkashef, M., J. Podolsky, R. C. Williams, and E. Cochran. 2017. “Preliminary examination of soybean oil derived material as a potential rejuvenator through Superpave criteria and asphalt bitumen rheology.” Constr. Build. Mater. 149 (Sep): 826–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.195.
EPDM Roofing Association. 2010. “ERA announces recycling of five million square feet of EPDM.” Accessed September 15, 2021. http://epdmroofs.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2010_02_22_announcesrecyclingoffivemillionsquarefeetofepdm.pdf.
Fernandes, S. R., H. M. R. D. Silva, and J. R. M. Oliveira. 2018. “Developing enhanced modified bitumens with waste engine oil products combined with polymers.” Constr. Build. Mater. 160 (Jan): 714–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.112.
Fukumori, K., and M. Matsushita. 2003. “Material recycling technology of crosslinked rubber waste.” R&D Rev. Toyota CRDL 38 (1): 39–47.
Ghoreishi, A., M. Koosha, and N. Nasirizadeh. 2020. “Modification of bitumen by EPDM blended with hybrid nanoparticles: Physical, thermal, and rheological properties.” J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 33 (3): 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705718805536.
Glover, C. J., R. R. Davison, C. H. Domke, Y. Ruan, P. Juristyarini, D. B. Knorr, and S. H. Jung. 2005. “Development of a new method for assessing asphalt binder durability with field validation.” Texas Dept. Transport 1872 (Aug): 1–334.
Gopalakrishnan, K., and J. B. Metcalf. 2001. “A study on moisture susceptibility of asphalt concrete mixtures modified with ethylene-propylene residual.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2 (3): 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430108901724.
Gunasekaran, S., R. K. Natarajan, and A. Kala. 2007. “FTIR spectra and mechanical strength analysis of some selected rubber derivatives.” Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 68 (2): 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2006.11.039.
Hajj, R., and A. Bhasin. 2018. “The search for a measure of fatigue cracking in asphalt binders—A review of different approaches.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 19 (3): 205–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2017.1279490.
Hintz, C., R. Velasquez, C. Johnson, and H. Bahia. 2011. “Modification and validation of linear amplitude sweep test for binder fatigue specification.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2207 (1): 99–106. https://doi.org/10.3141/2207-13.
Hoang, A. T., T. H. Nguyen, and H. P. Nguyen. 2020. “Scrap tire pyrolysis as a potential strategy for waste management pathway: A review.” Energy Sources Part A 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1745336.
Ingrassia, L. P., X. Lu, G. Ferrotti, and F. Canestrari. 2020. “Chemical, morphological and rheological characterization of bitumen partially replaced with wood bio-oil: Towards more sustainable materials in road pavements.” J. Traffic Transp. Eng. 7 (2): 192–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2019.04.003.
Isacsson, U., and H. Zeng. 1997. “Relationships between bitumen chemistry and low temperature behaviour of asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 11 (2): 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(97)00008-1.
Kabir, S. F., M. Mousavi, and E. H. Fini. 2020. “Selective adsorption of bio-oils’ molecules onto rubber surface and its effects on stability of rubberized asphalt.” J. Cleaner Prod. 252 (Apr): 119856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119856.
Kabir, S. F., S. Sukumaran, S. Moghtadernejad, E. Barjasteh, and E. H. Fini. 2021. “End of life plastics to enhance sustainability of pavement construction utilizing a hybrid treatment of bio-oil and carbon coating.” Constr. Build. Mater. 278 (Apr): 122444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122444.
Kandhal, P. S. 1977. “Low-temperature ductility in relation to pavement performance.” In Low temperature properties of bituminous materials and compacted bituminous paving mixtures, edited by C. Marek, 95–106. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Kumar, A., and R. Choudhary. 2020. “Use of waste tyre pyrolytic products for asphalt binder modification.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 21: 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1515ijpeat-2016-0031.
Kumar, A., R. Choudhary, and A. Kumar. 2021a. “Characterisation of asphalt binder modified with ethylene–propylene–diene–monomer (EPDM) rubber waste from automobile industry.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 22 (9): 2044–2068. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2020.1740772.
Kumar, A., R. Choudhary, and A. Kumar. 2021b. “Composite asphalt binder modification with waste non-tire automotive rubber and pyrolytic oil.” Mater. Today: Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.431.
Lamontagne, J., P. Dumas, V. Mouillet, and J. Kister. 2001. “Comparison by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of different ageing techniques: Application to road bitumens.” Fuel 80 (4): 483–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00121-6.
Lei, Y., Z. Wei, H. Wang, Z. You, X. Yang, and Y. Chen. 2021. “Effect of crumb rubber size on the performance of rubberized asphalt with bio-oil pretreatment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 285 (May): 122864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122864.
Li, C., Y. Wang, Z. Yuan, and L. Ye. 2019. “Construction of sacrificial bonds and hybrid networks in EPDM rubber towards mechanical performance enhancement.” Appl. Surf. Sci. 484 (Aug): 616–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.04.064.
Li, Q., H. Zhang, and Z. Chen. 2021. “Improvement of short-term aging resistance of styrene-butadiene rubber modified asphalt by sasobit and epoxidized soybean oil.” Constr. Build. Mater. 271 (Feb): 121870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121870.
Liu, H., W. Zeiada, G. G. Al-Khateeb, A. Shanableh, and M. Samarai. 2021. “Use of the multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test to characterize the rutting potential of asphalt binders: A literature review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 269 (Feb): 121320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121320.
Liu, S., A. Peng, J. Wu, and S. B. Zhou. 2018. “Waste engine oil influences on chemical and rheological properties of different asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 191 (Dec): 1210–1220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.126.
Ma, J., M. Hu, D. Sun, T. Lu, G. Sun, S. Ling, and L. Xu. 2021. “Understanding the role of waste cooking oil residue during the preparation of rubber asphalt.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 167 (Apr): 105235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105235.
Metcalf, J. B., K. Gopalakrishnan, and M. D. Waters. 2000. “An initial investigation of the use of a rubber waste (EPDM) in asphalt concrete mixtures.” Waste Manage. Ser. 1 (Jan): 940–952. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0713-2743(00)80102-6.
Mitra, S., A. Ghanbari-Siahkali, P. Kingshott, H. K. Rehmeier, H. Abildgaard, and K. Almdal. 2006. “Chemical degradation of crosslinked ethylene-propylene-diene rubber in an acidic environment. Part I. Effect on accelerated sulphur crosslinks.” Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91 (1): 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.032.
Nivitha, M. R., E. Prasad, and J. M. Krishnan. 2016. “Ageing in modified bitumen using FTIR spectroscopy.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 17 (7): 565–577. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2015.1007230.
Norambuena-Contreras, J., L. E. Arteaga-Pérez, J. L. Concha, and I. Gonzalez-Torre. 2021. “Pyrolytic oil from waste tyres as a promising encapsulated rejuvenator for the extrinsic self-healing of bituminous materials.” Supplement, Road Mater. Pavement Des. 22 (S1): S117–S133. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2021.1907216.
Nouali, M., Z. Derriche, and E. Ghorbel. 2021. “Effect of used engine oil addition on the rheological properties of a plastic bag waste–modified 40/50 grade bitumen.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 33 (3): 04020484. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003533.
Peralta, J., H. M. R. D. D. Silva, R. C. Williams, M. Rover, and A. V. Machado. 2013. “Development of an innovative bio-binder using asphalt-rubber technology.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 6 (4): 447–456. https://doi.org/10.6135/ijprt.org.tw/2013.6(4).xxx.
Presti, D. L. 2013. “Recycled tyre rubber modified bitumens for road asphalt mixtures: A literature review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 49 (Dec): 863–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.007.
Qurashi, I. A., and A. K. Swamy. 2018. “Viscoelastic properties of recycled asphalt binder containing waste engine oil.” J. Cleaner Prod. 182 (May): 992–1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.237.
Rivera, C., S. Caro, E. Arámbula-Mercado, D. B. Sánchez, and P. Karki. 2021. “Comparative evaluation of ageing effects on the properties of regular and highly polymer modified asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 302 (Oct): 124163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124163.
Rochlani, M., S. Leischner, G. C. Falla, D. Wang, S. Caro, and F. Wellner. 2019. “Influence of filler properties on the rheological, cryogenic, fatigue and rutting performance of mastics.” Constr. Build. Mater. 227 (Dec): 116974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116974.
Rowe, G. M., G. King, and M. Anderson. 2014. “The influence of binder rheology on the cracking of asphalt mixes in airport and highway projects.” J. Test. Eval. 42 (5): 1063–1072. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20130245.
Shenoy, A. 2001. “Refinement of the Superpave specification parameter for performance grading of asphalt.” J. Transp. Eng. 127 (5): 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2001)127:5(357).
Sienkiewicz, M., K. Borzędowska-Labuda, A. Wojtkiewicz, and H. Janik. 2017. “Development of methods improving storage stability of bitumen modified with ground tire rubber: A review.” Fuel Process. Technol. 159 (May): 272–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.01.049.
Sigma Aldrich. 2021. “IR spectrum table and chart.” Accessed September 15, 2021. https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/biology/ir-spectrum-table.html.
Su, N., F. Xiao, J. Wang, L. Cong, and S. Amirkhanian. 2018. “Productions and applications of bio-asphalts—A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 183 (Sep): 578–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.118.
Sun, Z., J. Yi, Y. Huang, D. Feng, and C. Guo. 2016. “Investigation of the potential application of biodiesel by-product as asphalt modifier.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 17 (3): 737–752. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1096819.
Sybilski, D. 1996. “Zero-shear viscosity of bituminous binder and its relation to bituminous mixture’s rutting resistance.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1535 (1): 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153500103.
Teymourpour, P., S. Sillamäe, and H. U. Bahia. 2015. “Impacts of lubricating oils on rheology and chemical compatibility of asphalt binders.” Supplement, Road Mater. Pavement Des. 16 (S1): 50–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1030833.
Uguz, G., and A. Ayanoglu. 2021. “Chemical characterization of waste tire pyrolysis products.” Int. Adv. Res. Eng. 5 (2): 163–170. https://doi.org/10.35860/iarej.856112.
Wang, C., W. Xie, and B. S. Underwood. 2018. “Fatigue and healing performance assessment of asphalt binder from rheological and chemical characteristics.” Mater. Struct. 51 (6): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-018-1300-2.
Wang, H., X. Liu, P. Apostolidis, S. Erkens, and T. Scarpas. 2019. “Numerical investigation of rubber swelling in bitumen.” Constr. Build. Mater. 214 (Jul): 506–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.144.
Wang, H., Z. Ma, X. Chen, and M. R. M. Hasan. 2020. “Preparation process of bio-oil and bio-asphalt, their performance, and the application of bio-asphalt: A comprehensive review.” J. Traffic Transp. Eng. 7 (2): 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2020.03.002.
Weigel, S., and D. Stephan. 2017. “The prediction of bitumen properties based on FTIR and multivariate analysis methods.” Fuel 208 (Nov): 655–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.07.048.
Wen, Y., Q. Liu, L. Chen, J. Pei, J. Zhang, and R. Li. 2020. “Review and comparison of methods to assess the storage stability of terminal blend rubberized asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 258 (Oct): 119586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119586.
Yang, X., and Z. You. 2015. “High temperature performance evaluation of bio-oil modified asphalt binders using the DSR and MSCR tests.” Constr. Build. Mater. 76 (Feb): 380–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.063.
Yousefi, A. A., A. Ait-Kadi, and C. Roy. 2000. “Effect of used-tire-derived pyrolytic oil residue on the properties of polymer-modified asphalts.” Fuel 79 (8): 975–986. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(99)00216-1.
Zhang, G., F. Chen, Y. Zhang, L. Zhao, J. Chen, L. Cao, J. Cao, and C. Xu. 2021a. “Properties and utilization of waste tire pyrolysis oil: A mini review.” Fuel Process. Technol. 211 (Jan): 106582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2020.106582.
Zhang, R., J. E. Sias, and E. V. Dave. 2021b. “Comparison and correlation of asphalt binder and mixture cracking parameters incorporating the aging effect.” Constr. Build. Mater. 301 (Sep): 124075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124075.
Zhang, R., J. E. Sias, and E. V. Dave. 2022. “Development of new performance indices to evaluate the fatigue properties of asphalt binders with ageing.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 23 (2): 377–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2020.1826349.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34 • Issue 12 • December 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 26, 2021
Accepted: Mar 4, 2022
Published online: Sep 20, 2022
Published in print: Dec 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Feb 20, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Burak Yiğit Katanalp, Perviz Ahmedzade, Rheological Evaluation and Life Cycle Cost Analysis of the Geopolymer Produced from Waste Ferrochrome Electric Arc Furnace Fume as a Composite Component in Bitumen Modification, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-15906, 35, 11, (2023).
- Yinzhang He, Qinggang Wang, Jiupeng Zhang, Yan Li, Haiqi He, Guojing Huang, Foamed crumb rubber asphalt binder: Preparation, rheological properties and adhesion characteristics, Journal of Cleaner Production, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136516, 396, (136516), (2023).