Concomitant Participation of Bacteria, Metakaolin, and Calcium Lactate to Improve Concrete Durability and Surface Crack Healing
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 11
Abstract
Bacteria-based self-healing concrete with simultaneous application of calcium lactate as bacteria precursor, and metakaolin as cement replacement, was investigated to observe its behavior under inappropriate environmental conditions and microstructural change. Samples of weight loss, compressive strength, stereoscope photography, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging were studied after water curing and acid immersion. Increase in the compressive strength due to the addition and increase in the amount of calcium lactate and decrease of compressive strength by presence of metakaolin were observed. Application of calcium lactate and bacteria in the concrete with metakaolin decreased strength reduction and even resulted in a higher strength than the ordinary concrete. Metakaolin was effective to improve concrete resistance against acid attack. However, the concomitant role of calcium lactate as a precursor for bacteria in concrete that led to surface crack healing, even after 1 year, with metakaolin as a cement replacement component, can be supportive to produce a durable biofriendly concrete.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge all supports from Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch (IAUN).
References
Achal, V., A. Mukerjee, and M. S. Reddy. 2013. “Biogenic treatment improves the durability and remediates the cracks of concrete structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 48 (Nov): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.061.
Achal, V., A. Mukherjee, and M. S. Reddy. 2011a. “Effect of calcifying bacteria on permeation properties of concrete structures.” J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38 (9): 1229–1234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-010-0901-8.
Achal, V., X. Pan, and N. Özyurt. 2011b. “Improved strength and durability of fly ash-amended concrete by microbial calcite precipitation.” Ecol. Eng. 37 (4): 554–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.11.009.
Alazhari, M., T. Sharma, A. Heath, R. Cooper, and K. Paine. 2018. “Application of expanded perlite encapsulated bacteria and growth media for self-healing concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 160 (Jan): 610–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.086.
Al Menhosh, A., Y. Wang, Y. Wang, and L. Augusthus-Nelson. 2018. “Long term durability properties of concrete modified with metakaolin and polymer admixture.” Constr. Build. Mater. 172 (May): 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.215.
ASTM. 2004. Cement; lime; gypsum. ASTM C150. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Balam, N. H., D. Mostofinejad, and M. Eftekhar. 2017a. “Effects of bacterial remediation on compressive strength, water absorption, and chloride permeability of lightweight aggregate concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 145 (Aug): 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.003.
Balam, N. H., D. Mostofinejad, and M. Eftekhar. 2017b. “Use of carbonate precipitating bacteria to reduce water absorption of aggregates.” Constr. Build. Mater. 141 (Jun): 565–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.042.
Bang, S. S., J. K. Galinat, and V. Ramakrishnan. 2001. “Calcite precipitation induced by polyurethane-immobilized Bacillus pasteurii.” Enzyme Microb. Technol. 28 (4–5): 404–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(00)00348-3.
Barbhuiya, S., P. Chow, and S. Memon. 2015. “Microstructure, hydration and nanomechanical properties of concrete containing metakaolin.” Constr. Build. Mater. 95 (Oct): 696–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.101.
Bundur, Z. B., A. Amiri, Y. C. Ersan, N. Boon, and N. De Belie. 2017. “Impact of air entraining admixtures on biogenic calcium carbonate precipitation and bacterial viability.” Cem. Concr. Res. 98 (Aug): 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.04.005.
Bundur, Z. B., M. J. Kirisits, and R. D. Ferron. 2015. “Biomineralized cement-based materials: Impact of inoculating vegetative bacterial cells on hydration and strength.” Cem. Concr. Res. 67 (Jan): 237–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.10.002.
Chahal, N., and R. Siddique. 2013. “Permeation properties of concrete made with fly ash and silica fume: Influence of ureolytic bacteria.” Constr. Build. Mater. 49 (Dec): 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.023.
Chahal, N., R. Siddique, and A. Rajor. 2012. “Influence of bacteria on the compressive strength, water absorption and rapid chloride permeability of concrete incorporating silica fume.” Constr. Build. Mater. 37 (Dec): 645–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.029.
Curcio, F., B. A. DeAngelis, and S. Pagliolico. 1998. “Metakaolin as a pozzolanic microfiller for high-performance mortars.” Cem. Concr. Res. 28 (6): 803–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00045-3.
Ducasse-Lapeyrusse, J., R. Gagné, C. Lors, and D. Damidot. 2017. “Effect of calcium gluconate, calcium lactate, and urea on the kinetics of self-healing in mortars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 157 (Dec): 489–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.115.
Gill, A. S., and R. Siddique. 2018. “Durability properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating metakaolin and rice husk ash.” Constr. Build. Mater. 176 (Jul): 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.054.
Grabiec, A. M., J. Klama, D. Zawal, and D. Krupa. 2012. “Modification of recycled concrete aggregate by calcium carbonate biodeposition.” Constr. Build. Mater. 34 (Sep): 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.027.
Grengg, C., N. Ukrainczyk, G. Koraimann, B. Mueller, M. Dietzel, and F. Mittermayr. 2020. “Long-term in situ performance of geopolymer, calcium aluminate and Portland cement-based materials exposed to microbially induced acid corrosion.” Cem. Concr. Res. 131 (May): 106034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106034.
Irwan, J. M., L. H. Anneza, N. Othman, A. F. Alshalif, M. M. Zamer, and T. Teddy. 2017. “Mechanical properties of concrete with Enterococcus faecalis and calcium lactate.” Procedia Eng. 171 (Jan): 592–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.381.
IS (Indian Standard). 1959. Indian standard methods of tests for strength of concrete. IS 516. New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian Standards.
ISIRI (Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran). 2001. Specification for portland cement. ISIRI 389. Tehran, Iran: ISIRI.
Jadhav, U. U., M. Lahoti, Z. Chen, J. Qiu, B. Cao, and E. H. Yang. 2018. “Viability of bacterial spores and crack healing in bacteria-containing geopolymer.” Constr. Build. Mater. 169 (Apr): 716–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.039.
Jiang, L., G. Jia, C. Jiang, and Z. Li. 2020. “Sugar-coated expanded perlite as a bacterial carrier for crack-healing concrete applications.” Constr. Build. Mater. 232 (Jan): 117222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117222.
Jonkers, H. M., A. Thijssen, G. Muyzer, O. Copuroglu, and E. Schlangen. 2010. “Application of bacteria as self-healing agent for the development of sustainable concrete.” Ecol. Eng. 36 (2): 230–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.12.036.
Kan, L. L., J. W. Lv, B. B. Duan, and M. Wu. 2019. “Self-healing of Engineered Geopolymer Composites prepared by fly ash and metakaolin.” Cem. Concr. Res. 125 (Nov): 105895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105895.
Karimi, N., and D. Mostofinejad. 2020. “Bacillus subtilis bacteria used in fiber reinforced concrete and their effects on concrete penetrability.” Constr. Build. Mater. 230 (Jan): 117051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117051.
Khaliq, W., and M. B. Ehsan. 2016. “Crack healing in concrete using various bio influenced self-healing techniques.” Constr. Build. Mater. 102 (Jan): 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.11.006.
Kim, H. K., S. J. Park, J. I. Han, and H. K. Lee. 2013. “Microbially mediated calcium carbonate precipitation on normal and lightweight concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 38 (Jan): 1073–1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.040.
Lucas, S. S., C. Moxham, E. Tziviloglou, and H. Jonkers. 2018. “Study of self-healing properties in concrete with bacteria encapsulated in expanded clay.” Sci. Technol. Mater. 30 (Dec): 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stmat.2018.11.006.
Luo, M., and C. Qian. 2016. “Influences of bacteria-based self-healing agents on cementitious materials hydration kinetics and compressive strength.” Constr. Build. Mater. 121 (Sep): 659–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.075.
Luo, M., C. X. Qian, and R. Y. Li. 2015. “Factors affecting crack repairing capacity of bacteria-based self-healing concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 87 (Jul): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.117.
Maresca, J. A., P. Moser, and T. Schumacher. 2017. “Analysis of bacterial communities in and on concrete.” Mater. Struct. 50 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0929-y.
Muduli, R., and B. B. Mukharjee. 2019. “Effect of incorporation of metakaolin and recycled coarse aggregate on properties of concrete.” J. Cleaner Prod. 209 (Feb): 398–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.221.
Naik, T. R., and G. Moriconi. 2005. “Environmental-friendly durable concrete made with recycled materials for sustainable concrete construction.” In Proc., Int. Symp. on Sustainable Development of Cement, Concrete and Concrete Structures, 5–7. Toronto.
Nain, N., R. Surabhi, N. V. Yathish, V. Krishnamurthy, T. Deepa, and S. Tharannum. 2019. “Enhancement in strength parameters of concrete by application of Bacillus bacteria.” Constr. Build. Mater. 202 (Mar): 904–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.059.
Poon, C. S., L. Lam, S. C. Kou, Y. L. Wong, and R. Wong. 2001. “Rate of pozzolanic reaction of metakaolin in high-performance cement pastes.” Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (9): 1301–1306. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00581-6.
Qiu, J., D. Q. S. Tng, and E. H. Yang. 2014. “Surface treatment of recycled concrete aggregates through microbial carbonate precipitation.” Constr. Build. Mater. 57 (Apr): 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.085.
Rao, M. S., V. S. Reddy, and C. Sasikala. 2017. “Performance of microbial concrete developed using Bacillus Subtilus JC3.” J. Inst. Eng. 98 (4): 501–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-017-0227-x.
Sabir, B. B., S. Wild, and J. Bai. 2001. “Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete: A review.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 23 (6): 441–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00092-5.
Shen, P., L. Lu, W. Chen, F. Wang, and S. Hu. 2017. “Efficiency of metakaolin in steam cured high strength concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 152 (Oct): 357–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.006.
Siddique, R., K. Singh, M. Singh, V. Corinaldesi, and A. Rajor. 2016. “Properties of bacterial rice husk ash concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 121 (Sep): 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.146.
Souri, A., H. Kazemi-Kamyab, R. Snellings, R. Naghizadeh, F. Golestani-Fard, and K. Scrivener. 2015. “Pozzolanic activity of mechanochemically and thermally activated kaolins in cement.” Cem. Concr. Res. 77 (Nov): 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.04.017.
Stuckrath, C., R. Serpell, L. M. Valenzuela, and M. Lopez. 2014. “Quantification of chemical and biological calcium carbonate precipitation: Performance of self-healing in reinforced mortar containing chemical admixtures.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 50 (Jul): 10–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.02.005.
Tafraoui, A., G. Escadeillas, and T. Vidal. 2016. “Durability of the ultra high performances concrete containing metakaolin.” Constr. Build. Mater. 112 (Jun): 980–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.169.
Tziviloglou, E., et al. 2016. “Bio-based self-healing concrete: From research to field application.” In Self-healing materials, 345–385. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2015_332.
Vaezi, M., S. A. Zareei, and M. Jahadi. 2020. “Recycled microbial mortar: Effects of bacterial concentration and calcium lactate content.” Constr. Build. Mater. 234 (Feb): 117349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117349.
Van Tittelboom, K., N. De Belie, W. De Muynck, and W. Verstraete. 2010. “Use of bacteria to repair cracks in concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 40 (1): 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.08.025.
Vijay, K., M. Murmu, and S. V. Deo. 2017. “Bacteria based self healing concrete—A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 152 (Oct): 1008–1014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.040.
Wang, J., J. Dewanckele, V. Cnudde, S. Van Vlierberghe, W. Verstraete, and N. De Belie. 2014a. “X-ray computed tomography proof of bacterial-based self-healing in concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 53 (Oct): 289–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.07.014.
Wang, J. Y., D. Snoeck, S. Van Vlierberghe, W. Verstraete, and N. De Belie. 2014b. “Application of hydrogel encapsulated carbonate precipitating bacteria for approaching a realistic self-healing in concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 68 (Oct): 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.018.
Wang, J. Y., H. Soens, W. Verstraete, and N. De Belie. 2014c. “Self-healing concrete by use of microencapsulated bacterial spores.” Cem. Concr. Res. 56 (Feb): 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.11.009.
Wang, J., K. Van Tittelboom, N. De Belie, and W. Verstraete. 2012. “Use of silica gel or polyurethane immobilized bacteria for self-healing concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 26 (1): 532–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.054.
Wiktor, V., and H. M. Jonkers. 2011. “Quantification of crack-healing in novel bacteria-based self-healing concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 33 (7): 763–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.03.012.
Williams, A., A. Markandeya, Y. Stetsko, K. Riding, and A. Zayed. 2016. “Cracking potential and temperature sensitivity of metakaolin concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 120 (Sep): 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.087.
Xu, J., and X. Wang. 2018. “Self-healing of concrete cracks by use of bacteria-containing low alkali cementitious material.” Constr. Build. Mater. 167 (Apr): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.020.
Zhang, J., Y. Liu, T. Feng, M. Zhou, L. Zhao, A. Zhou, and Z. Li. 2017. “Immobilizing bacteria in expanded perlite for the crack self-healing in concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 148 (Sep): 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.021.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34 • Issue 11 • November 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 9, 2021
Accepted: Feb 25, 2022
Published online: Aug 23, 2022
Published in print: Nov 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Jan 23, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.