Characterization of Microstructural Variations in Alkali-Activated Coal Fly Ashes Depending on Their Intrinsic Properties
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 11
Abstract
There is significant microstructural variability in alkali-activated coal fly ashes (CFA) depending on the activation conditions and the intrinsic properties of the utilized CFAs. This study systematically presents the impact of intrinsic CFA properties on these variations while keeping the activation conditions constant. Four high-Ca and four low-Ca CFAs were activated with 10 M NaOH under hydrothermal conditions (80°C, 1 day). The mineralogical and morphological changes investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) point out some poorly zeolitic formations with N─ A─ S─ (H) phase for low-Ca samples and with (N, C)─ A─ S─ H phase for high-Ca samples. Due to their self-cementitious properties, the mechanical performance—determined by compressive strength tests—of the high-Ca CFAs was higher than that of the low-Ca ones; albeit, too much free CaO had a detrimental effect. In all samples, the performance was enhanced with increased fineness. The mechanical performance of alkali-activated CFAs is mainly attributed to the amorphous or poorly crystalline phases. XRD and FTIR were able to confirm the amorphous gel formation. However, a direct correlation of their results with strength development could not be established. On the other hand, the SEM micrographs of the higher-strength samples showed a denser structure. Obtained results map out microstructural variations of alkali-activated CFAs, guiding the way for their effective reutilization.
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Data Availability Statement
Raw data were generated at Middle East Technical University. Derived data supporting the findings of this study appear in the published article and are available from the corresponding author upon request as well.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by METU BAP Grant Nos. GAP-303-2018-2692 and GAP-303-2020-10287. The authors also wish to acknowledge the support of TÜRKÇİMENTO (Turkish Cement Manufacturer Association).
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Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33 • Issue 11 • November 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 24, 2020
Accepted: Jun 4, 2021
Published online: Aug 23, 2021
Published in print: Nov 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Jan 23, 2022
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Cited by
- Sepehr Seyedian Choubi, Cagla Meral Akgul, High temperature exposure of alkali-activated coal fly ashes, Journal of Building Engineering, 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105081, 59, (105081), (2022).