Alkali-Activated Controlled Low-Strength Material Utilizing High-Calcium Fly Ash and Steel Slag for Use as Pavement Materials
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 8
Abstract
This study investigated the performance of alkali-activated, cement-based controlled low-strength materials (CLSMs). The CLSM was produced by mixing fly ash, steel slag, sodium hydroxide, and water with bottom ash (BA) aggregate. Properties of fresh and hardened composites were measured, and tests were conducted to determine their microstructure characteristics. Highlighted properties including slump flow, bleeding, unit weight, unconfined compressive strength, and resilience modulus were reported. The results indicated that the inclusion of 10%–30% slag resulted in a stronger CLSM with a higher Ca/Si ratio in the cementitious matrix of its microstructure. Higher slag content in the CLSM also shortened setting time and led to a lower bleeding rate. A mixture containing slag up to 20% of fly ash was recommended for pavement applications. Finally, the economic and environmental impacts were also preliminarily studied.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT): NRCT5-RSA63001-05 and the Ratchadapisek Sompoch Endowment Fund (2020), Chulalongkorn University (763014 Climate Change and Disaster Management Cluster). The first author acknowledges the annual government statement of expenditure fund from the University of Phayao. The third author would like to acknowledge the Ratchadapisek Somphot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University.
References
AASHTO. 2007. Standard method of test for determining the resilient modulus of soil and aggregate materials. AASHTO T307. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 1999. Controlled low strength materials. ACI 229R. Farmington Hill, MI: ACI.
Ali, M. B., R. Saidur, and M. S. Hossain. 2011. “A review on emission analysis in cement industries.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 15 (5): 2252–2261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.014.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test method for slump flow of self-consolidating concrete. ASTM Designation C1611. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016a. Standard test method for density (unit weight), yield, cement content, and air content (gravimetric) of controlled low-strength material (CLSM). ASTM Designation D6023. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016b. Standard test method for time of setting of concrete mixtures by penetration resistance. ASTM Designation C403. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016c. Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil. ASTM Designation D2166. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018. Standard specification for concrete aggregates. ASTM C33. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019. Standard test method for bleeding of concrete. ASTM Designation C232/232M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Austroads. 2017. Guide to pavement technology part 2: Pavement structural design. Sydney: Austroads.
Bakharev, T., J. G. Sanjayan, and Y. B. Cheng. 2003. “Resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete to acid attack.” Cem. Concr. Res. 33 (10): 1607–1611. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00125-X.
Bassani, M., S. Khosravifar, D. G. Goulias, and C. W. Schwartz. 2015. “Long-term resilient and permanent deformation behaviour of controlled low-strength materials for pavement applications.” Transp. Geotech. 2: 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2014.12.001.
Bernal, S. A., J. L. Provis, V. Rose, and R. M. De Gutierrez. 2011. “Evolution of binder structure in sodium silicate-activated slag-metakaolin blends.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 33 (1): 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.09.004.
Cheriaf, M., J. C. Rocha, and J. Pera. 1999. “Pozzolanic properties of pulverized coal combustion bottom ash.” Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (9): 1387–1391. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00098-8.
Chindaprasirt, P., C. Jaturapitakkul, W. Chalee, and U. Rattanasak. 2009. “Comparative study on the characteristics of fly ash and bottom ash geopolymers.” Waste Manage. 29 (2): 539–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.023.
Chittoori, B., A. J. Puppala, and A. Raavi. 2014. “Strength and stiffness characterization of controlled low-strength material using native high-plasticity clay.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26 (6): 04014007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000965.
Chompoorat, T. 2012. “Dynamic properties of cement treated clay.” In Proc., 7th Asian Young Geotechnical Engineers Conf., 273–279. Tokushima, Japan: Japanese Geotechnical Society.
Chompoorat, T., S. Likitlersuang, and P. Jongvivatsakul. 2018. “The performance of controlled low-strength material base supporting a high-volume asphalt pavement.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 22 (6): 2055–2063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-018-1527-z.
Chompoorat, T., S. Likitlersuang, and P. Jongvivatsakul. 2019a. “Engineering properties ofcontrolled low-strength material (CLSM) as an alternative fill material.” In Proc., 16th Asian Regional Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (16ARC). Taipei, Taiwan: Taipei International Convention Center.
Chompoorat, T., T. Maikhun, and S. Likitlersuang. 2019b. “Cement improved lake bed sedimentary soil for road construction.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Ground Improv. 172 (3): 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.18.00076.
Dahl, O., H. Nurmesniemi, R. Pöykiö, and G. Watkins. 2009. “Comparison of the characteristics of bottom ash and fly ash from a medium-size (32 MW) municipal district heating plant incinerating forest residues and peat in a fluidized-bed boiler.” Fuel Process. Technol. 90 (7–8): 871–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.04.013.
Davidovits, J., D. C. Comrie, J. H. Paterson, and D. J. Ritcey. 1990. “Geopolymeric concretes for environmental protection.” ACI Concr. Int. 12 (7): 30–40.
De Silva, P., K. Sagoe-Crenstil, and V. Sirivivatnanon. 2007. “Kinetics of geopolymerization: Role of and ” Cem. Concr. Res. 37 (4): 512–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.01.003.
Dils, J., V. Boel, and G. De Schutter. 2013. “Influence of cement type and mixing pressure on air content, rheology and mechanical properties of UHPC.” Constr. Build. Mater. 41: 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.050.
DOH (Department of Highways). 1989. Standard of soil cement subbase. [In Thai.] DH-S 206/2532. Bangkok, Thailand: DOH.
DOH (Department of Highways). 2013a. Standard of cement modified crushed rock base. [In Thai.] DH-S 203/2556. Bangkok, Thailand: DOH.
DOH (Department of Highways). 2013b. Standard of soil cement base. [In Thai.] DH-S 204/2556. Bangkok, Thailand: DOH.
Drumm, E. C., Y. Boateng-Poku, and T. J. Pierce. 1990. “Estimation of subgrade resilient modulus from standard tests.” J. Geotech. Eng. 116 (5): 774–789. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1990)116:5(774).
EFNARC (European Federation Dedicated to Specialist Construction Chemicals and Concrete Systems). 2002. Specification and guidelines for self-compacting concrete. Surrey, UK: EFNARC.
Fernández-Jiménez, A., and A. Palomo. 2005. “Composition and microstructure of alkali activated fly ash binder: Effect of the activator.” Cem. Concr. Res. 35 (10): 1984–1992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.03.003.
Fernández-Jiménez, A., A. Palomo, and M. Criado. 2005. “Microstructure development of alkali-activated fly ash cement: A descriptive model.” Cem. Concr. Res. 35 (6): 1204–1209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.08.021.
Fernández-Jiménez, A., J. G. Palomo, and F. Puertas. 1999. “Alkali-activated slag mortars: mechanical strength behaviour.” Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (8): 1313–1321. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00154-4.
Fernández-Jiménez, A., and F. Puertas. 2001. “Setting of alkali-activated slag cement. Influence of activator nature.” Adv. Cem. Res. 13 (3): 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2001.13.3.115.
Gabr, M. A., and J. J. Bowders. 2002. “Controlled low-strength material using fly ash and AMD sludge.” J. Hazard. Mater. 76 (2–3): 251–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00202-8.
Ginés, O., J. M. Chimenos, A. Vizcarro, J. Formosa, and J. R. Rosell. 2009. “Combined use of MSWI bottom ash and fly ash as aggregate in concrete formulation: Environmental and mechanical considerations.” J. Hazard. Mater. 169 (1–3): 643–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.141.
Guimond-Barrett, A., E. Nauleau, A. Le Kouby, A. Pantet, P. Reiffsteck, and F. Martineau. 2013. “Free–free resonance testing of in situ deep mixed soils.” Geotech. Test. J. 36 (2): 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20120058.
Habert, G., J. D. E. De Lacaillerie, and N. Roussel. 2011. “An environmental evaluation of geopolymer based concrete production: reviewing current research trends.” J. Cleaner Prod. 19 (11): 1229–1238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.03.012.
Horiguchi, T., R. Fujita, and K. Shimura. 2011. “Applicability of controlled low-strength materials with incinerated sewage sludge ash and crushed-stone powder.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (6): 767–771. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000201.
Jamsawang, J., S. Charoensil, T. Namjan, P. Jongpradist, and S. Likitlersuang. 2020. “Mechanical and microstructural properties of dredged sediments treated with cement and fly ash for use as road materials.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2020.1772349.
Jang, J., N. Lee, and H. Lee. 2014. “Fresh and hardened properties of alkali-activated fly ash/ slag pastes with superplasticizers.” Constr. Build. Mater. 50 (Jan): 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.048.
Julphunthong, P., T. Thongdetsri, and T. Chompoorat. 2018. “Stabilisation of soft Bangkok clay using Portland cement and calcium sulfoaluminate-belite cement.” Key Eng. Mater. 775 (Aug): 582–588. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.775.582.
Kang, X., G. Kang, K. Chang, and L. Ge. 2015. “Chemically stabilized soft clays for road-base construction.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (7): 04014199. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001156.
Kang, X., G. Kang, and L. Ge. 2013. “Modified time of setting test for fly ash paste and fly ash–soil mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25 (2): 296–301. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000604.
Kang, X., H. Lei, and Z. Xia. 2020. “A comparative study of modified fall cone method and semi-adiabatic calorimetry for measurement of setting time of cement based materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 248 (Jul): 118634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118634.
Kim, D., and J. Kim. 2007. “Resilient behavior of compacted subgrade soils under the repeated triaxial test.” Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (7): 1470–1479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.07.006.
Kim, H. K., J. H. Jeon, and H. K. Lee. 2012. “Flow, water absorption, and mechanical characteristics of normal- and high-strength mortar incorporating fine bottom ash aggregates.” Constr. Build. Mater. 26 (1): 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.019.
Kim, H. K., and H. K. Lee. 2011. “Use of power plant bottom ash as fine and coarse aggregates in high-strength concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2): 1115–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.065.
Kim, H. K., and H. K. Lee. 2013. “Effects of high volume of fly ash, blast furnace slag, and bottom ash on flow characteristics, density, and compressive strengths of high-strength mortar.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25 (5): 662–665. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000624.
Kou, S. C., and C. S. Poon. 2009. “Properties of concrete prepared with crushed fine stone, furnace bottom ash and fine recycled aggregate as fine aggregates.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (8): 2877–2886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.009.
Kumar, S., R. Kumar, and S. P. Mehrotra. 2009. “Influence of granulated blast furnace slag on the reaction, structure and properties of fly ash based geopolymer.” J. Mater. Sci. 45 (3): 607–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3934-5.
Lee, N., and H. Lee. 2013. “Setting and mechanical properties of alkali-activated fly ash/slag concrete manufactured at room temperature.” Constr. Build. Mater. 47 (Oct): 1201–1209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.107.
Lee, N. K., J. G. Jang, and H. K. Lee. 2014. “Shrinkage characteristics of alkali-activated fly ash/slag paste and mortar at early ages.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 53 (Oct): 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.07.007.
Lee, N. K., H. K. Kim, I. S. Park, and H. K. Lee. 2013. “Alkali-activated, cementless, controlled low-strength materials (CLSM) utilizing industrial by-products.” Constr. Build. Mater. 49 (Dec): 738–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.002.
Likitlersuang, S., and T. Chompoorat. 2016. “Laboratory investigation of the performances of cement and fly ash modified asphalt concrete mixtures.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 9 (5): 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.08.002.
Malhotra, V. M., P. S. Valimbe, and M. A. Wright. 2002. “Effects of fly ash and bottom ash on the frictional behavior of composites.” Fuel 81 (2): 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00126-0.
May, R. W., and M. W. Witczak. 1981. “Effective granular modulus to model pavement response.” Transp. Res. Rec. 810: 1–9.
McLellan, B. C., R. P. Williams, J. Lay, A. Van Riessen, and G. D. Corder. 2011. “Costs and carbon emissions for geopolymer pastes in comparison to ordinary portland cement.” J. Cleaner Prod. 19 (9–10): 1080–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.02.010.
Mneina, A., A. Ahmed, and M. H. El Naggar. 2018. “Dynamic properties of controlled low-strength materials with treated oil sand waste.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (9): 04018204. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002338.
Naik, T. R., R. N. Kraus, B. W. Ramme, Y. M. Chun, and R. Kumar. 2006. “High-carbon fly ash in manufacturing conductive CLSM and concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 18 (6): 743–746. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:6(743).
Naik, T. R., S. S. Singh, and B. W. Ramme. 2001. “Performance and leaching assessment of flowable slurry.” J. Environ. Eng. 127 (4): 359–368. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2001)127:4(359).
NCHRP (National Cooperative Highway Research Program). 2000. Unbound materials characterization utilizing LTPP data. Washington, DC: Development of the 2002 Design Guide for the Design of New and Rehabilitated Pavement Structures, National Research Council.
Nuaklong, P., P. Jongvivatsakul, T. Pothisiri, V. Sata, and P. Chindaprasirt. 2020. “Influence of rice husk ash on mechanical properties and fire resistance of recycled aggregate high-calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete.” J. Cleaner Prod. 252 (Apr): 119797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119797.
Pacheco-Torgal, F., Z. Abdollahnejad, A. F. Camões, M. Jamshidi, and Y. Ding. 2012. “Durability of alkali-activated binders: a clear advantage over Portland cement or an unproven issue?” Constr. Build. Mater. 30: 400–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.017.
Palomo, A., M. W. Grutzeck, and M. T. Blanco. 1999. “Alkali-activated fly ashes: A cement for the future.” Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (8): 1323–1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00243-9.
Park, S. M., N. K. Lee, and H. K. Lee. 2017. “Circulating fluidized bed combustion ash as controlled low-strength material (CLSM) by alkaline activation.” Constr. Build. Mater. 156 (Dec): 728–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.001.
Pierce, C. E., S. L. Gassman, and T. M. Richards. 2002. “Long-term strength development of controlled low-strength material.” Mater. J. 99 (2): 157–164.
Provis, J. L., C. Z. Yong, P. Duxson, and J. S. van Deventer. 2009. “Correlating mechanical and thermal properties of sodium silicate-fly ash geopolymers.” Colloids Surf., A 336 (1–3): 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.11.019.
Puertas, F., and M. Torres-Carrasco. 2014. “Use of glass waste as an activator in the preparation of alkali-activated slag. Mechanical strength and paste characterisation.” Cem. Concr. Res. 57: 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.12.005.
Puppala, A. J., L. R. Hoyos, and A. K. Potturi. 2011. “Resilient moduli response of moderately cement-treated reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (7): 990–998. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000268.
Raghavendra, T., and B. C. Udayashankar. 2014. “Flow and strength characteristics of CLSM using ground granulated blast furnace slag.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (9): 04014050. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000927.
Roessler, J., J. Paris, C. C. Ferraro, B. Watts, and T. Townsend. 2016. “Use of waste to energy bottom ash as an aggregate in Portland cement concrete: Impacts of size factionation and carbonation.” Waste Biomass Valorization 7 (6): 1521–1530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9545-x.
Saikia, N., G. Mertens, K. Van Balen, J. Elsen, T. Van Gerven, and C. Vandecasteele. 2015. “Pre-treatment of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash for utilisation in cement mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater. 96: 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.185.
Shi, C. 2004. “Steel slag-its production, processing, characteristics, and cementitious properties.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 16 (3): 230–236. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2004)16:3(230).
Siddique, R. 2009. “Utilization of waste materials and by-products in producing controlled low-strength materials.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 54 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.06.001.
Singh, M., and R. Siddique. 2013. “Effect of coal bottom ash as partial replacement of sand on properties of concrete.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 72: 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.12.006.
Singh, M., and R. Siddique. 2014. “Strength properties and micro-structural properties of concrete containing coal bottom ash as partial replacement of fine aggregate.” Constr. Build. Mater. 50: 246–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.026.
Singh, M., and R. Siddique. 2015. “Properties of concrete containing high volumes of coal bottom ash as fine aggregate.” J. Cleaner Prod. 91: 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.026.
Tempest, B., O. Sanusi, J. Gergely, V. Ogunro, and D. Weggel. 2009. “Compressive strength and embodied energy optimization of fly ash based geopolymer concrete.” In Proc., 2009 World of Coal Ash (WOCA) Conf. Lexington, KY: World of Coal Ash.
Venkatarama Reddy, B. V., and K. S. Jagadish. 2003. “Embodied energy of common and alternative building materials and technologies.” Energy Build. 35 (2): 129–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(01)00141-4.
Verástegui-Flores, R. D., G. Di Emidiob, A. Bezuijenb, J. Vanwalleghemc, and M. Kersemansc. 2015. “Evaluation of the free–free resonant frequency method to determine stiffness moduli of cement-treated soil.” Soils Found. 55 (5): 943–950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.09.001.
Williams, R. P., and A. Van Riessen. 2010. “Determination of the reactive component of fly ashes for geopolymer production using XRF and XRD.” Fuel 89 (12): 3683–3692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.07.031.
Yip, C. K. 2004. “The role of calcium in geopolymerisation.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Univ. of Melbourne.
Yoobanpot, N., P. Jamsawang, P. Simarat, P. Jongpradist, and S. Likitlersuang. 2020. “Sustainable reuse of dredged sediments as pavement materials by cement and fly ash stabilization.” J. Soils Sediments 20 (10): 3807–3823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02635-x.
You, N., B. Li, R. Cao, J. Shi, C. Chen, and Y. Zhang. 2019. “The influence of steel slag and ferronickel slag on the properties of alkali-activated slag mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater. 227 (Dec): 116614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.340.
Zain, M. F. M., M. Safiuddin, and K. M. Yusof. 1999. “A study on the properties of freshly mixed high performance concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (9): 1427–1432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00108-8.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33 • Issue 8 • August 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 19, 2020
Accepted: Dec 14, 2020
Published online: May 22, 2021
Published in print: Aug 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Oct 22, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- R. S. Krishna, Neha Sethy, Suman Saha, Syed Mohammed Mustakim, Boopathy R, Faiz Uddin Ahmed Shaikh, Tanvir Qureshi, Nanoengineered Geopolymer Composites with Biomass-Based 2D Graphitic Carbon Nanoplatelets, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-18126, 36, 8, (2024).
- Mahasakti Mahamaya, Surabhi Jain, Sarat Kumar Das, Rajdeep Paul, Engineering Properties of Cementless Alkali Activated CLSM Using Ferrochrome Slag, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004620, 35, 3, (2023).
- Milad Nimafar, Saied Jalil Hosseini, Alireza Akhlaghi, Bijan Samali, Shahrokh Soltaninia, Effect of Bacterial Carbonate Precipitation on the Durability of Concrete Specimens Exposed to High Temperatures, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004521, 35, 1, (2023).
- Pattharaphon Chindasiriphan, Peem Nuaklong, Suraparb Keawsawasvong, Chanachai Thongchom, Tidarut Jirawattanasomkul, Pitcha Jongvivatsakul, Weerachart Tangchirapat, Suched Likitlersuang, Effect of superabsorbent polymer and polypropylene fiber on mechanical performances of alkali-activated high-calcium fly ash mortar under ambient and elevated temperatures, Journal of Building Engineering, 10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106509, 71, (106509), (2023).
- Fatima Juveria, Pathmanathan Rajeev, Piratheepan Jegatheesan, Jay Sanjayan, Impact of stabilisation on mechanical properties of recycled concrete aggregate mixed with waste tyre rubber as a pavement material, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02001, 18, (e02001), (2023).
- Suraj D. Khadka, Osman Okuyucu, Priyantha W. Jayawickrama, Sanjaya Senadheera, Controlled low strength materials (CLSM) activated with alkaline solution: Flowability, setting time and microstructural characteristics, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01892, 18, (e01892), (2023).
- Yiliang Liu, Youpo Su, Guoqiang Xu, Yanhua Chen, Gaoshuai You, Research Progress on Controlled Low-Strength Materials: Metallurgical Waste Slag as Cementitious Materials, Materials, 10.3390/ma15030727, 15, 3, (727), (2022).
- Chengwei Liu, Nengsheng Liu, Xiaoying Li, Xintao He, Xueqing Liu, Bo Hu, Sufang He, Adsorption of Cd(II) on mesoporous Al 2 O 3 prepared from high-aluminum fly ash , Materials Research Express, 10.1088/2053-1591/ac7383, 9, 6, (065502), (2022).
- Yongmin Yang, Wanhui Feng, Jiajun Qiu, Shuhong Guan, Yunchao Tang, Study of Shrinkage Compensation and Feasibility of Engineering Applications of Geopolymer Concrete, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004177, 34, 5, (2022).
- Ping Jiang, Yewen Chen, Na Li, Lin Zhou, Shaoyun Pu, Wei Wang, Strength properties and microscopic mechanism of lime and fly ash modified expandable poly styrene lightweight soil reinforced by polypropylene fiber, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01250, 17, (e01250), (2022).
- See more