Expansive and Compressibility Behavior of Lime Stabilized Fiber-Reinforced Marine Clay
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 11
Abstract
Expansive soils are liable to cause damages to engineering structures and subsequent yearly repairs worth billions of dollars worldwide. Given the extensive global occurrence of expansive soils, it is imperative to restrain the natural expansive and compressibility behavior of such soils to a controllable extent. Consequently, the present study examined the expansive and compressibility behavior of lime-stabilized marine clays reinforced with 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% natural coir fibers (CF) and synthetic polypropylene fibers (PPF). Accordingly, a series of one-dimensional (1D) swell-consolidation and linear shrinkage tests were conducted on untreated and treated 7-day cured clay samples to examine their volume-change behavior. Results indicated an optial reduction in the swelling potential of the lime-stabilized clay upon the addition of 1% CF or 1.5% PPF and a maximum reduction in the linear shrinkage of the clay upon the addition of 2% CF or 1.5% PPF, respectively. Similarly, an optimal reduction in the compressibility of the lime-stabilized clay was achieved upon the addition of 2% CF or 1% PPF. The microstructural analysis showed the formation of cementation compounds (C-S-H and C-A-H) owing to the clay-lime interaction. The reported findings engaged the concurrent application of lime and natural/synthetic fibers to improve the expansive and compressibility behavior of soft marine clayey deposits.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided to the second author by Monash University Travel Grant Scheme. Special thanks to Dr. M.E Raghunandan for his advice for the lab experiments.
References
Abdullah, W., and A. Al-Abadi. 2010. “Cationic–electrokinetic improvement of an expansive soil.” Appl. Clay Sci. 47 (3–4): 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2009.11.046.
Aguwa, J. I. 2010. “Effect of hand mixing on the compressive strength of concrete.” Leonardo Electron. J. Pract. Technol. 17 (Jul): 59–68.
Ahmad, F., F. Bateni, and M. Azmi. 2010. “Performance evaluation of silty sand reinforced with fibres.” Geotext. Geomembr. 28 (1): 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.09.017.
Al-Bared, M. A. M., and A. Marto. 2017. “A review on the geotechnical and engineering characteristics of marine clay and the modern methods of improvements.” Malaysian J. Fundam. Appl. Sci. 13 (4): 825–831. https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v13n4.921.
Al-Bared, M. A. M., A. Marto, N. Latifi, and S. Horpibulsuk. 2018. “Sustainable improvement of marine clay using recycled blended tiles.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 36 (5): 3135–3147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0525-8.
Aldaood, A., M. Bouasker, and M. Al-Mukhtar. 2014. “Impact of wetting–drying cycles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of lime-stabilized gypseous soils.” Eng. Geol. 174 (May): 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.03.002.
Al-Mukhtar, M., A. Lasledj, and J.-F. Alcover. 2010. “Behaviour and mineralogy changes in lime-treated expansive soil at 20 C.” Appl. Clay Sci. 50 (2): 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.07.023.
Al-Swaidani, A., I. Hammoud, and A. Meziab. 2016. “Effect of adding natural pozzolana on geotechnical properties of lime-stabilized clayey soil.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 8 (5): 714–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.04.002.
Amir-Faryar, B., and M. S. Aggour. 2016. “Effect of fibre inclusion on dynamic properties of clay.” Geomech. Geoeng. 11 (2): 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2015.1029013.
Anagnostopoulos, C. A., D. Tzetzis, and K. Berketis. 2014. “Shear strength behaviour of polypropylene fibre reinforced cohesive soils.” Geomech. Geoeng. 9 (3): 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2013.804213.
Anggraini, V., A. Asadi, N. Farzadnia, H. Jahangirian, and B. B. Huat. 2016. “Reinforcement benefits of nanomodified coir fiber in lime-treated marine clay.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (6): 06016005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001516.
Anggraini, V., A. Asadi, B. B. Huat, and H. Nahazanan. 2015. “Effects of coir fibers on tensile and compressive strength of lime treated soft soil.” Measurement 59 (Jan): 372–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2014.09.059.
Basma, A. A., and E. R. Tuncer. 1991. “Effect of lime on volume change and compressibility of expansive clays.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1295 (1): 52–61.
Bell, F. 1996. “Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils.” Eng. Geol. 42 (4): 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(96)00028-2.
Bergado, D., L. Anderson, N. Miura, and A. Balasubramaniam. 1996. Soft ground improvement in lowland and other environments. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Boz, A., and A. Sezer. 2018. “Influence of fiber type and content on freeze-thaw resistance of fiber reinforced lime stabilized clay.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 151 (Jul): 359–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.03.026.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 1990. Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. BS 1377. London: BSI.
Cai, Y., B. Shi, C. W. Ng, and C.-S. Tang. 2006. “Effect of polypropylene fibre and lime admixture on engineering properties of clayey soil.” Eng. Geol. 87 (3–4): 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.07.007.
Chen, F. H. 1988. Foundations on expansive soils. New York: Elsevier.
Chen, F. H. 2012. Foundations on expansive soils. New York: Elsevier.
Chong, S. Y., and K. A. Kassim. 2015. “Effect of lime on compaction, strength and consolidation characteristics of Pontian marine clay.” Jurnal teknologi 72 (3): 41–47.
Considine, M. 1984. “Soils shrink, trees drink, and houses crack.” ECOS Mag. 41: 13–15.
Dakshanamurthy, V., and V. Raman. 1973. “A simple method of identifying an expansive soil.” Soils Found. 13 (1): 97–104. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.13.97.
Dang, L. C., B. Fatahi, and H. Khabbaz. 2016. “Behaviour of expansive soils stabilized with hydrated lime and bagasse fibres.” Procedia Eng. 143 (Jan): 658–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.093.
Dang, L. C., H. Khabbaz, and B. Fatahi. 2017. “Evaluation of swelling behaviour and soil water characteristic curve of bagasse fibre and lime stabilised expansive soil.” In PanAm unsaturated soils 2017, 58–70. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Dang, L. C., H. Khabbaz, and B. Fatahi. 2018. “Evaluation of swelling behaviour and soil water characteristic curve of bagasse fibre and lime stabilised expansive soil.” In PanAm unsaturated soils 2017. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Dash, S. K., and M. Hussain. 2011. “Lime stabilization of soils: Reappraisal.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24 (6): 707–714. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000431.
De Brito Galvão, T. C., A. Elsharief, and G. F. Simões. 2004. “Effects of lime on permeability and compressibility of two tropical residual soils.” J. Environ. Eng. 130 (8): 881–885. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2004)130:8(881).
Diop, S., F. Stapelberg, K. Tegegn, S. Ngubelanga, and L. Heath. 2011. A review on problem soils in South Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: Council for Geoscience.
Emmanuel, E., C. C. Lau, V. Anggraini, and P. Pasbakhsh. 2019. “Stabilization of a soft marine clay using halloysite nanotubes: A multi-scale approach.” Appl. Clay Sci. 173 (Jun): 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2019.03.014.
Gidigasu, M. 2009. “Engineering pedology and geological considerations in geomechanical characteristics of problem tropically weathered soils with special reference to lateritic and saprolitic soils.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., ISSMGE Int. Seminar on Ground Improvement for Accelerated Development, 55–79. London: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Jafer, H., W. Atherton, M. Sadique, F. Ruddock, and E. Loffill. 2018. “Stabilisation of soft soil using binary blending of high calcium fly ash and palm oil fuel ash.” Appl. Clay Sci. 152 (Feb): 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.11.030.
Jairaj, C., M. P. Kumar, and M. Raghunandan. 2018. “Compaction characteristics and strength of BC soil reinforced with untreated and treated coir fibers.” Innovative Infrastruct. Solutions 3 (1): 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-017-0123-2.
Jawad, I. T., M. R. Taha, Z. H. Majeed, and T. A. Khan. 2014. “Soil stabilization using lime: Advantages, disadvantages and proposing a potential alternative.” Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 8 (4): 510–520. https://doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.8.1000.
Jha, A. K., and P. Sivapullaiah. 2015. “Mechanism of improvement in the strength and volume change behavior of lime stabilized soil.” Eng. Geol. 198 (Nov): 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.08.020.
Jones, L. D., and I. Jefferson. 2012. Expansive soils. London: Institution of Civil Engineers.
Kamaraj, N., V. Janani, P. Ravichandran, D. Nigitha, and K. Priyanka. 2016. “Study on improvement of soil behaviour by bio-stabilsation method.” Indian J. Sci. Technol. 9 (33): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i33/95979.
Kar, R. K., and P. K. Pradhan. 2011. “Strength and compressibility characteristics of randomly distributed fiber-reinforced soil.” Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 5 (2): 235–243. https://doi.org/10.3328/IJGE.2011.05.02.235-243.
Kar, R. K., P. K. Pradhan, and A. Naik. 2012. “Consolidation characteristics of fiber reinforced cohesive soil.” Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 17: 3861–3874.
Kariuki, P. C., K. Shepherd, and F. Van Der Meer. 2006. “Spectroscopy as a tool for studying swelling soils.” In Expansive soils–recent advances in characterization and treatment, 211–229. Leiden, Netherlands: Taylor & Francis.
Kassim, K. A., and K. K. Chern. 2004. “Lime stabilized Malaysian cohesive soils.” Malaysian J. Civ. Eng. 16 (1): 13–24.
Katz, L. E., A. F. Rauch, H. M. Liljestrand, J. S. Harmon, K. S. Shaw, and H. Albers. 2001. “Mechanisms of soil stabilization with liquid ionic stabilizer.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1757 (1): 50–57. https://doi.org/10.3141/1757-06.
Kinuthia, J., S. Wild, and G. Jones. 1999. “Effects of monovalent and divalent metal sulphates on consistency and compaction of lime-stabilised kaolinite.” Appl. Clay Sci. 14 (1–3): 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1317(98)00046-5.
Kiran, B., and D. Prasad. 2016. “Stabilization of marine clay using ferric chloride and quarry dust.” Int. J. Latest Trends Eng. Technol. 6 (3): 609–615.
Kumar, A., B. S. Walia, and A. Bajaj. 2007. “Influence of fly ash, lime, and polyester fibers on compaction and strength properties of expansive soil.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 19 (3): 242–248. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:3(242).
Kumar, S., B. Vidya Tilak, and R. K. Dutta. 2014. “Effect of phosphogypsum and coir fibres on strength and swelling characteristics of lime stabilized bentonite.” In Proc., National Conf. GEPSID. Ludhiana, India: Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College.
Laskar, A., and S. K. Pal. 2013. “Effects of waste plastic fibres on compaction and consolidation behavior of reinforced soil.” Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 18: 1547–1558.
Li, J., D. A. Cameron, and G. Ren. 2014. “Case study and back analysis of a residential building damaged by expansive soils.” Comput. Geotech. 56 (Mar): 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.11.005.
Liu, L., G. Cai, X. Liu, S. Liu, and A. J. Puppala. 2019a. “Evaluation of thermal-mechanical properties of quartz sand–bentonite–carbon fiber mixtures as the borehole backfilling material in ground source heat pump.” Energy Build. 202 (Nov): 109407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109407.
Liu, X., G. Cai, L. Liu, S. Liu, and A. J. Puppala. 2019b. “Thermo-hydro-mechanical properties of bentonite-sand-graphite-polypropylene fiber mixtures as buffer materials for a high-level radioactive waste repository.” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 141 (Oct): 981–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.07.015.
Mallela, J., H. V. Quintus, and K. Smith. 2004. Consideration of lime-stabilized layers in mechanistic-empirical pavement design. Arlington, VA: National Lime Association.
Mirzababaei, M., M. Miraftab, M. Mohamed, and P. Mcmahon. 2013. “Impact of carpet waste fibre addition on swelling properties of compacted clays.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 31 (1): 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-012-9578-2.
Mirzababaei, M., M. Mohamed, A. Arulrajah, S. Horpibulsuk, and V. Anggraini. 2018. “Practical approach to predict the shear strength of fibre-reinforced clay.” Geosynthetics Int. 25 (1): 50–66. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgein.17.00033.
Muntohar, A. S., and G. Hantoro. 2000. “Influence of rice husk ash and lime on engineering properties of a clayey subgrade.” Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 5 (Jan): 1–9.
Ninov, J., and I. Donchev. 2008. “Lime stabilization of clay from the ‘Mirkovo’deposit: Part I. Kinetics and mechanism of the processes.” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 91 (2): 487–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-006-8304-9.
Puppala, A. J., R. S. Madhyannapu, S. Nazarian, D. Yuan, and L. Hoyos. 2008. Deep soil mixing technology for mitigation of pavement roughness. Austin, TX: Texas Dept. of Transportation Research and Technology Implementation Office.
Reddy, C. S., P. Satyanarayana, and B. Satyanarayana. 2008. “Heaving of ground–A case study in marine clay.” In Proc., Indian Geotechnical Conf., 17–19.
Rogers, C., and S. Glendinning. 1996. “Modification of clay soils using lime.” In Lime stabilization, 99–112. London: Thomas Telford.
Rogers, C., S. Glendinning, and N. Dixon. 1996. “Lime stabilization.” In Proc., Seminar Held at Loughborough University Civil & Building Engineercing Department. London: Thomas Telford.
Rosenbalm, D., and C. E. Zapata. 2016. “Effect of wetting and drying cycles on the behavior of compacted expansive soils.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (1): 04016191. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001689.
Sakr, M. A., M. A. Shahin, and Y. M. Metwally. 2009. “Utilization of lime for stabilizing soft clay soil of high organic content.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 27 (1): 105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-008-9215-2.
Sridharan, A., and P. V. Sivapullaiah. 2005. “Mini compaction test apparatus for fine grained soils.” Geotech. Test. J. 28 (3): 240–246.
Taha, M. R., and O. M. E. Taha. 2012. “Influence of nano-material on the expansive and shrinkage soil behavior.” J. Nanopart. Res. 14 (10): 1190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1190-0.
Viswanadham, B., B. Phanikumar, and R. V. Mukherjee. 2009. “Swelling behaviour of a geofiber-reinforced expansive soil.” Geotext. Geomembr. 27 (1): 73–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.06.002.
Yadav, J., and S. Tiwari. 2016. “Behaviour of cement stabilized treated coir fibre-reinforced clay-pond ash mixtures.” J. Build. Eng. 8 (Dec): 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2016.10.006.
Yan, L., N. Chouw, L. Huang, and B. Kasal. 2016. “Effect of alkali treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of coir fibres, coir fibre reinforced-polymer composites and reinforced-cementitious composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 112 (Jun): 168–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.182.
Zaimoglu, A. S. 2010. “Freezing–thawing behavior of fine-grained soils reinforced with polypropylene fibers.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 60 (1): 63–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.07.001.
Zumrawi, M. M., A. O. Abdelmarouf, and A. E. Gameil. 2017. Damages of buildings on expansive soils: Diagnosis and avoidance. Delhi, India: International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Scientific Emerging Research.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32 • Issue 11 • November 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 9, 2019
Accepted: May 4, 2020
Published online: Aug 22, 2020
Published in print: Nov 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jan 22, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.