Low-Energy Consumption Preparation of Fine Waterproof Cementitious Material with High-Volume Phosphogypsum
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 11
Abstract
Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial solid waste which is difficult to dispose of and can cause environmental pollution. This paper investigated a low-energy-consumption preparation from PG of an environmentally friendly building material. PG was converted to hemihydrate gypsum () using the nonautoclaved method. Then the from PG (PGHH) was mixed with different dosages of fly ash and/or cement to obtain PGHH–fly ash–cement (PFC) cementitious materials, enhancing the water resistance of the corresponding hardened material. Results showed that the optimal mix proportion (by weight) of PGHH:fly ash:cement was when the water resistance and mechanical strength properties of the corresponding hardened materials were comprehensively compared. With this proportion, the 3-, 28-, and 90-day softening coefficients were more than 25%, 50%, and 70% higher than those of the control group (PGHH alone). It was demonstrated that the from hydration of cement can activate the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash, thus forming ettringite and C─ S─ H gel and making the hardened materials denser and more waterproof. The prepared PFC cementitious material has application as a building material which can provide a low-energy-consumption and environmentally friendly method for utilizing PG.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This work is financially supported by the Major State Research Development Program of China (No. 2016YFC0700904). We are grateful to Professor Yubin Sun and Xinya Yang, Centre for Material Research and Analysis of Wuhan University of Technology, for their help with testing methods.
References
AQSIQ (General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China). 2010. Limits of radionuclides of building materials. GB 6566-2010. Beijing: AQSIQ.
AQSIQ (General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China). 2016. Indoor decorating and refurnishing materials—Limit of harmful substances of interior architectural coatings. GB 18582-2016. Beijing: AQSIQ.
ASTM. 2015. Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. ASTM C618-15. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Cánovas, C. R., F. Macías, R. Pérez López, and J. M. Nieto. 2018. “Mobility of rare earth elements, yttrium and scandium from a phosphogypsum stack: Environmental and economic implications.” Sci. Total Environ. 618 (Mar): 847–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.220.
Chen, Q. S., Q. L. Zhang, C. C. Qi, A. Fourie, and C. C. Xiao. 2018. “Recycling phosphogypsum and construction demolition waste for cemented paste backfill and its environmental impact.” J. Clean. Prod. 186 (Jun): 418–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.131.
Chrysochoou, M., and D. Dermatas. 2005. “Evaluation of ettringite and hydrocalumite formation for heavy metal immobilization: Literature review and experimental study.” J. Hazard. Mater. 136 (1): 20–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.008.
Contreras, M., S. R. Teixeira, G. T. A. Santos, M. J. Gázquez, M. Romero, and J. P. Bolívar. 2018. “Influence of the addition of phosphogypsum on some properties of ceramic tiles.” Constr. Build. Mater. 175 (Jun): 588–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.131.
Dirksen, J. A., and T. A. Ring. 1991. “Fundamentals of crystallization: Kinetic effects on particle size distributions and morphology.” Chem. Eng. Sci. 46 (10): 2389–2427. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(91)80035-W.
Garg, M., N. Jain, and M. Singh. 2009. “Development of alpha plaster from phosphogypsum for cementitious cementitious binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (10): 3138–3143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.024.
Garg, M., and A. Pundir. 2012. “Comprehensive study of fly ash binder developed with fly ash–alpha gypsum plaster–portland cement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 37 (Dec): 758–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.018.
Garg, M., and A. Pundir. 2013. “Investigation of properties of fluorogypsum-slag composite binders—Hydration, strength and microstructure.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 45 (Jan): 227–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.10.010.
Geraldo, R. H., J. D. Souza, S. C. Campos, L. F. R. Fernandes, and G. Camariniet. 2018. “Pressured recycled gypsum plaster and wastes: Characteristics of eco-friendly building components.” Constr. Build. Mater. 191 (Dec): 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.193.
Guan, B. H., L. Yang, H. L. Fu, B. Kong, T. Y. Li, and L. C. Yang. 2011. “-calcium sulfate hemihydrate preparation from FGD gypsum in recycling mixed salt solutions.” Chem. Eng. J. 174 (1): 296–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.09.033.
Guo, B., B. Liu, J. Yang, and S. G. Zhang. 2017. “The mechanisms of heavy metal immobilization by cementitious material treatments and thermal treatments: A review.” J. Environ. Manage. 193 (May): 410–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.026.
Hentati, O., N. Abrantes, A. L. Caetano, S. Bouguerra, F. Gonçalves, J. Römbke, and R. Pereira. 2015. “Phosphogypsum as a soil fertilizer: Ecotoxicity of amended soil and elutriates to bacteria, invertebrates, algae and plants.” J. Hazard. Mater. 294 (Aug): 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.03.034.
Huang, Y. B., J. S. Qian, X. J. Kang, J. C. Yu, Y. R. Fan, Y. D. Dang, W. S. Zhang, and S. D. Wang. 2019. “Belite-calcium sulfoaluminate cement prepared with phosphogypsum: Influence of and F on the clinker formation and cement performances.” Constr. Build. Mater. 203 (Apr): 432–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.112.
Huang, Y. B., J. S. Qian, C. Z. Liu, N. Liu, Y. Shen, Y. Ma, H. Q. Sun, and Y. R. Fan. 2017. “Influence of phosphorus impurities on the performances of calcium sulfoaluminate cement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 149 (Sep): 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.028.
Jiang, G. M., J. W. Mao, H. L. Fu, Z. Xu, and B. H. Guan. 2013. “Insight into metastable lifetime of -calcium sulfate hemihydrate in solution.” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 96 (Jun): 3265–3271. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.12451.
Jiang, G. M., H. Wang, Q. S. Chen, X. M. Zhang, Z. B. Wu, and B. H. Guan. 2016. “Preparation of alpha-calcium sulfate hemihydrate from FGD gypsum in chloride-free Ca()2 solution under mild conditions.” Fuel 174 (Jun): 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.01.073.
Khalil, A. A., A. Tawfik, A. A. Hegazy, and M. F. El-Shahat. 2014. “Effect of some waste additives on the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum plaster composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 68 (Oct): 580–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.081.
Kong, B., B. H. Guan, M. Z. Yates, and Z. B. Wu. 2012. “Control of -calcium sulfate hemihydrate morphology using reverse microemulsions.” Langmuir 28 (4): 14137–14142. https://doi.org/10.1021/la302459z.
Li, X. B., Q. Zhang, B. L. Ke, X. C. Wang, L. J. Li, X. H. Li, and S. Mao. 2018. “Insight into the effect of maleic acid on the preparation of -hemihydrate gypsum from phosphogypsum in solution.” J. Cryst. Growth 493 (Jul): 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2018.04.025.
Li, X. B., Q. Zhang, Z. H. Shen, L. J. Li, X. H. Li, and S. Miao. 2019. “L-aspartic acid: A crystal modifier for preparation of hemihydrate from phosphogypsum in solution.” J. Cryst. Growth 511 (Apr): 48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2019.01.027.
López, R. P., A. M. Valero, and J. M. Nieto. 2007. “Changes in mobility of toxic elements during the production of phosphoric acid in the fertilizer industry of Huelva (SW Spain) and environmental impact of phosphogypsum wastes.” J. Hazard. Mater. 148 (3): 745–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.06.068.
Lu, W. D., B. G. Ma, Y. Su, X. Y. He, Z. H. Jin, and H. H. Qi. 2019. “Preparation of -hemihydrate gypsum from phosphogypsum in recycling solution.” Constr. Build. Mater. 214 (Jul): 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.148.
Ma, B. G., W. D. Lu, Y. Su, C. Gao, and X. Y. He. 2018. “Synthesis of -hemihydrate gypsum from cleaner phosphogypsum.” J. Clean. Prod. 195 (Sep): 396–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.228.
Ma, W. P., and P. W. Brown. 1997. “Hydrothermal reactions of fly ash with and .” Cem. Concr. Res. 27 (8): 1237–1248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00116-6.
MIIT (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China). 2010a. Gypsum blocks. JC/T 698-2010. Beijing: MIIT.
MIIT (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China). 2010b. α-High strength gypsum plaster. JC/T 2038-2010. Beijing: MIIT.
Mohammed, F., W. Biswas, H. Yao, and M. Tadé. 2018. “Sustainability assessment of symbiotic processes for the reuse of phosphogypsum.” J. Clean. Prod. 188 (Jul): 497–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.309.
Neto, A. A. M., M. A. Cincotto, and W. Repette. 2010. “Mechanical properties, drying and autogenous shrinkage of blast furnace slag activated with hydrated lime and gypsum.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 32 (4): 312–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.01.004.
Rafael, P. L., C. Sergio, C. H. Pablo, P. A. Maria, M. Francisco, R. C. Carlos, G. Clara, and M. N. José. 2018. “Sulfate reduction processes in salt marshes affected by phosphogypsum: Geochemical influences on contaminant mobility.” J. Hazard. Mater. 350 (May): 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.02.001.
SBSQ (State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision). 1999a. Gypsum plasters—Determination of mechanical properties. GB/T 17669.3-1999. Beijing: SBSQ.
SBSQ (State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision). 1999b. Gypsum plasters—Determination of physical properties of pure paste. GB/T 17669.4-1999. Beijing: SBSQ.
Shen, W. G., M. K. Zhou, W. Ma, J. Q. Hu, and Z. Cai. 2009. “Investigation on the application of steel slag–fly ash–phosphogypsum solidified material as road base material.” J. Hazard. Mater. 164 (1): 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.125.
Shen, Y., J. S. Qian, J. Q. Chai, and Y. Y. Fan. 2014. “Calcium sulphoaluminate cements made with phosphogypsum: Production issues and material properties.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 48 (Apr): 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.01.009.
Tan, H. B., X. Zhang, X. Y. He, and Y. L. Guo. 2018. “Utilization of lithium slag by wet-grinding process to improve the early strength of sulphoaluminate cement paste.” J. Clean. Prod. 205 (Dec): 536–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.027.
Tang, M. L., X. D. Shen, and H. Huang. 2010. “Influence of -calcium sulfate hemihydrate particle characteristics on the performance of calcium sulfate-based medical materials.” Mater. Sci. Eng. C 30 (8): 1107–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2010.06.006.
Telesca, A., M. Marroccoli, D. Calabrese, G. L. Valenti, and F. Montagnaro. 2013. “Flue gas desulfurization gypsum and coal fly ash as basic components of prefabricated building materials.” Waste Manage. 33 (3): 628–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.10.022.
Tian, T., Y. Yan, Z. H. Hu, Y. Y. Xu, Y. P. Chen, and J. Shi. 2016. “Utilization of original phosphogypsum for the preparation of foam concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 115 (Jul): 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.028.
Vimmrová, A., M. Keppert, O. Michalko, and R. Černý. 2014. “Calcined gypsum–lime–metakaolin cementitious materials: Design of optimal composition.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 52 (Sep): 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.05.011.
Wu, Q. S., H. G. Ma, Q. J. Chen, B. Gu, S. P. Li, and H. J. Zhu. 2018. “Effect of silane modified styrene-acrylic emulsion on the waterproof properties of flue gas desulfurization gypsum.” Constr. Build. Mater. 197 (Feb): 506–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.185.
Yan, P. Y., and W. Y. Yang. 2000. “The cementitious binder derived with fluorogypsum and low quality of fly ash.” Cem. Concr. Res. 30 (2): 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00245-8.
Yassine, E., and B. Mohammed. 2018. “Procedure to convert phosphogypsum waste into valuable products.” Mater. Manuf. Processes 33 (16): 1727–1733. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2018.1476763.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 24, 2019
Accepted: Apr 29, 2020
Published online: Aug 22, 2020
Published in print: Nov 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jan 22, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.