Performance of Pervious Concrete Exposed to Magnesium Chloride Deicers
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 6
Abstract
Pervious concrete can be utilized simultaneously as a pavement surface and part of a stormwater management system. In cold climates, it may be exposed to deicers, many of which have been shown to deteriorate the strength and durability of pavements. Pervious concrete specimens made with limestone, ordinary portland cement, and tap water were subjected to a 3% deicing solution weekly for 17 weeks and allowed to air dry between applications, simulating a severe season of deicer applications. Tap water was used as a control. The compressive strengths of the specimens were measured and were slightly less after the deicer application for one batch, but the average compressive strength for the 20 control specimens from different batches was 15.2 MPa with an average porosity of 24.6%. The 22 specimens from different batches with deicer applications averaged 15.6 MPa with an average porosity of 24.3%. Statistical analyses indicate that the strength varied more with porosity than with the deicer applications. The remaining strength of the deicer-exposed specimens is indicative of the resilience of pervious concrete.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. This includes weekly masses of the specimens and the calcium concentrations measured in the influent and effluent.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for support from the Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in Cold Climates (CESTiCC), Evolution Paving, and the Lamar University College of Engineering. The authors would also like to thank Radhika Gangineni and Carrie Martin from the Lamar University Center for Advancements in Water and Air Quality as well as undergraduate students Burgundy Petri, Deja Roberts, Natalie Lopez, Jarod Jantz, Mateo Chevasco-Lopez, and Chris Huddleston at Lamar University.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2010. Report on pervious concrete. Rep. No. 522R-10. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Anderson, I., D. Walsh, D. Oka, M. Dewoolkar, S. Limberg, A. Sevi, and E. Schmeckpeper. 2015. Laboratory performance of pervious concrete subjected to deicing salts and freeze-thaw. Burlington, VT: Univ. of Vermont Transportation Research Center.
ASTM. 2012. Standard test method for density and void content of hardened pervious concrete. ASTM C1754/C1754M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015. Standard practice for capping cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C617/C617M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018. Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C39/C39M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Costa, F. B. P., A. Lorenzi, L. Haselbach, and L. C. P. Silva Filho. 2018. “Best practices for pervious concrete mix design and laboratory tests.” REIM-IBRACON Struct. Mater. J. 11 (5): 1151–1159. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952018000500013.
Cutler, H., K. Wang, V. Schaefer, and J. Kevern. 2010. “Resistance of portland cement pervious concrete to deicing chemicals.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2164 (1): 98–104. https://doi.org/10.3141/2164-13.
Dang, Y., X. Shi, N. Xie, E. McVey, and A. Kessel. 2016. “Accelerated laboratory test suggests the importance of film integrity of sealers on the protection of concrete from deicer scaling.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (9): 04016065. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001579.
Darwin, D., J. Browning, L. Gong, and S. Hughes. 2008. “Effects of deicers on concrete deterioration.” ACI Mater. J. 105 (6): 622–627.
Delatte, N., A. Mrkajic, and D. Miller. 2009. “Field and laboratory evaluation of pervious concrete pavements.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2113 (1): 132–139. https://doi.org/10.3141/2113-16.
Drake, J., A. Bradford, and T. Van Seter. 2014. “Stormwater quality of spring–summer–fall effluent from three partial-infiltration permeable pavement systems and conventional asphalt pavement.” J. Environ. Manage. 139 (Jun): 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.056.
Eriksson, E., A. Baun, L. Scholes, A. Ledin, S. Ahlman, M. Revitt, C. Noutsopoulos, and P. S. Mikkelsen. 2007. “Selected stormwater priority pollutants—A European perspective.” Sci. Total Environ. 383 (1–3): 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.028.
Farnam, Y., A. Wiese, D. Bentz, J. Davis, and J. Weiss. 2015. “Damage development in cementitious materials exposed to magnesium chloride deicing salt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 93 (Sep): 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.004.
Goede, W., and L. Haselbach. 2012. “Investigation into the structural performance of pervious concrete.” J. Transp. Eng. 138 (1): 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000305.
Haselbach, L. 2008. The engineering guide to LEED-new construction: Sustainable construction for engineers. New York: McGraw Hill.
Haselbach, L. 2017. Evaluation of the effects of deicer chemical methodologies on pervious concrete and development of a deicer chemical testing method for pervious concrete. Silver Spring, MD: RMC Research and Education Foundation.
Haselbach, L., M. Boyer, J. Kevern, and V. Schaefer. 2011. “Cyclic heat island impacts on traditional versus pervious concrete pavement systems.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2240 (1): 107–115. https://doi.org/10.3141/2240-14.
Haselbach, L., and R. Freeman. 2006. “Vertical porosity distributions in pervious concrete pavement.” ACI Mater. J. 103 (6): 452–458.
Haselbach, L., C. Poor, and J. Tilson. 2014. “Dissolved zinc and copper retention from stormwater runoff in ordinary portland cement pervious concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 53 (Feb): 652–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.013.
Haselbach, L., T. Sendele, and Q. Langfitt. 2018. “Screening test for improved calcium chloride deicer resistance in pervious concrete.” In Proc., ASCE Int. Conf. on Transportation and Development. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Jain, J., J. Olek, J. Weiss, and A. Janusz. 2011. “Effects of magnesium and calcium chloride deicers on concrete: How do they compare?” In Proc., APWA North American Snow and Pacific Northwest Snowfighters Conf. Kansas City, MO: American Public Works Association.
Kevern, J., A. Bruetsch, and G. King. 2011. “Pervious concrete surface characterization to reduce slip-related falls.” Transp. Res. Rec. 26 (4): 526–531. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000263.
Kevern, J. T., K. Wang, and V. R. Schaefer. 2009. “Temperature behavior of pervious concrete systems.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2098 (1): 94–101. https://doi.org/10.3141/2098-10.
Kwiatkowski, K., A. Welker, R. Traver, M. Vanacore, and T. Ladd. 2007. “Evaluation of an infiltration best management practice utilizing pervious concrete.” J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 43 (5): 1208–1222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00104.x.
Lee, H., R. Cody, A. Cody, and P. Spry. 2000. “Effects of various deicing chemicals on pavement concrete deterioration.” In Proc., Center for Transportation Research and Education Mid-Continent Transportation Symp. Ames, IA: Iowa State Univ.
Lorenzi, A., L. Haselbach, and L. C. P. Silva Filho. 2015. “Field data for heat island mitigation by pervious concrete in Porto Alegre.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Best Practices for Concrete Pavements, Challenges for the Future of Sustainable Concrete Pavement Construction. São Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Brasileiro do Concreto.
Nassiri, S., H. Rodin, M. Yekkalar, O. Alshareedah, and L. Haselbach. 2017. Guidelines for pervious concrete sidewalks, parking lots, and shared-use paths to improve driver, biker, and pedestrian safety. Seattle: Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium, Univ. of Washington.
NCPTC (National Concrete Pavement Technology Center). 2006. Evaluation of U.S. and European concrete pavement noise reduction methods. Ames, IA: NCPTC.
Neville, A. M. 1975. Properties of concrete. New York: Wiley.
Peterson, K., G. Julio-Betancourt, L. Sutter, R. Hooton, and D. Johnston. 2013. “Observations of chloride ingress and calcium oxychloride formation in laboratory concrete and mortar at 5°C.” Cem. Concr. Res. 45 (Mar): 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.01.001.
Ross, M., L. Haselbach, T. Sendele, and N. Almeida. 2018. “Magnesium chloride deicer chemical effects on pervious concrete.” Environ. Eng. Sci. 35 (11): 1165–1172. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2018.0144.
Shi, X., M. Akin, T. Pan, L. Fay, Y. Liu, and Z. Yang. 2009. “Deicer impacts on pavement materials: Introduction and recent developments.” Open Civ. Eng. J. 3 (1): 16–27. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149500903010016.
Shi, X., L. Fay, M. M. Peterson, and Z. Yang. 2010. “Freeze-thaw damage and chemical change of a portland cement concrete in the presence of diluted deicers.” Mater. Struct. 43 (7): 933–946. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-009-9557-0.
Stumm, W., and J. Morgan. 1996. Aquatic chemistry. New York: Wiley.
Tsang, C., M. Shehata, and A. Lotfy. 2016. “Optimizing a test method to evaluate resistance of pervious concrete to cycles of freezing and thawing in the presence of different deicing salts.” Materials 9 (11): 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9110878.
USEPA. 1994. Method 200.7: Determination of metals and trace elements in water and wastes by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Cincinnati: USEPA.
Xie, N., X. Shi, and Y. Zhang. 2017. “Impacts of potassium acetate and sodium-chloride deicers on concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (3): 04016229. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001754.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32 • Issue 6 • June 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 1, 2019
Accepted: Oct 29, 2019
Published online: Mar 17, 2020
Published in print: Jun 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Aug 17, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.