Long-Term Electrochemical Behavior of Low-Alloy Steel in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution with Chlorides
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30, Issue 4
Abstract
The passivation capability and long-term chloride-induced corrosion behavior of a low-cost low-alloy (LA) steel and the conventional low-carbon (LC) steel in a simulated concrete pore solution (SCPS) were investigated using various electrochemical techniques and microstructural characterization methods. The results show that the passivation capability of LA steel is slightly higher than LC steel. However, after long-term exposure to SCPS with chlorides, the corrosion resistance of LA steel is superior to LC steel. It is proposed that the high corrosion resistance of LA steel is mainly achieved by the formation of a compact and adherent rust layer on the steel surface.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors greatly acknowledge the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51461135001 and 51678144), the National Basic Research Program of China “973 Project” (No. 2015CB655100), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20161420) and Industry-University Research Cooperative Innovation Fund of Jiangsu Province (No. BY2013091).
References
Abreu, C., Cristóbal, M., Losada, R., Nóvoa, X., Pena, G., and Pérez, M. (2006). “Long-term behaviour of AISI 304L passive layer in chloride containing medium.” Electrochim. Acta, 51(8–9), 1881–1890.
Abreu, C., Cristóbal, M., Montemor, M., Nóvoa, X., Pena, G., and Pérez, M. (2002). “Galvanic coupling between carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel in alkaline media.” Electrochim. Acta, 47(13–14), 2271–2279.
Akhoondan, M., and Sagüés, A. (2012). “Comparative cathodic behavior of Cr and plain steel reinforcement in concrete.” Corrosion, 68(4), 045003-1–045003-10.
Alvarez, S., Bautista, A., and Velasco, F. (2011). “Corrosion behaviour of corrugated lean duplex stainless steels in simulated concrete pore solutions.” Corros. Sci., 53(5), 1748–1755.
Behera, P. K., Moon, A. P. K., Mondal, K., and Misra, S. (2016). “Estimating critical corrosion for initiation of longitudinal cracks in RC structures considering phases and composition of corrosion products.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 04016158-1–04016158-12.
Chowdhury, P. (2004). “Strategies for resisting corrosion of reinforcement in concrete.” Indian Concr. J., 78(1), 46–51.
Eichler, T., Isecke, B., and Bäßler, R. (2009). “Investigations on the re-passivation of carbon steel in chloride containing concrete in consequence of cathodic polarisation.” Mater. Corros., 60(2), 119–129.
Fajardo, S., Bastidas, D. M., Criado, M., Romero, M., and Bastidas, J. (2011). “Corrosion behaviour of a new low-nickel stainless steel in saturated calcium hydroxide solution.” Constr. Build. Mater., 25(11), 4190–4196.
Flis, J., Pickering, H., and Osseo-Asare, K. (1998). “Interpretation of impedance data for reinforcing steel in alkaline solution containing chlorides and acetates.” Electrochim. Acta, 43(12–13), 1921–1929.
Freire, L., Carmezim, M. J., Ferreira, M. G. S., and Montemor, M. F. (2011). “The electrochemical behaviour of stainless steel AISI 304 in alkaline solutions with different pH in the presence of chlorides.” Electrochim. Acta, 56(14), 5280–5289.
García-Alonso, M., et al. (2007). “Corrosion behaviour of innovative stainless steels in mortar.” Cem. Concr. Res., 37(11), 1562–1569.
Ghods, P., Isgor, O., McRae, G., and Gu, G. (2010). “Electrochemical investigation of chloride-induced depassivation of black steel rebar under simulated service conditions.” Corros. Sci., 52(5), 1649–1659.
Girciene, O., Ramanauskas, R., Gudaviciute, L., and Martušiene, A. (2011). “Inhibition effect of sodium nitrite and silicate on carbon steel corrosion in chloride-contaminated alkaline solutions.” Corrosion, 67(12), 125001-1–125001-12.
Hartt, W. H. (2011). “Corrosion initiation projection for reinforced concrete exposed to chlorides. 2: Corrosion-resistant bars.” Corrosion, 67(8), 086003-1–086003-6.
Henriques, T., et al. (2010). “A voltammetric study on the corrosion of prestressed steel in saturated Ca (OH)2 solution containing chloride ions.” J. Appl. Electrochem., 40(1), 99–107.
Hurley, M., and Scully, J. (2006). “Threshold chloride concentrations of selected corrosion-resistant rebar materials compared to carbon steel.” Corrosion, 62(10), 892–904.
Hurley, M., and Scully, J. (2013). “Lateral and radial corrosion propagation behavior of 9–21% Cr and 18% Cr+ 2.8% Mo stainless steel reinforcing materials in simulated concrete environments.” Mater. Corros., 64(9), 752–763.
Hussain, R. R., Alhozaimy, A., Al-Negheimish, A., and Singh, D. (2014). “Time-dependent variation of the electrochemical impedance for thermo-mechanically treated versus plain low alloy steel rebars in contact with simulated concrete pore solution.” Constr. Build. Mater., 73(Dec), 283–288.
Kamimura, T., and Stratmann, M. (2001). “The influence of chromium on the atmospheric corrosion of steel.” Corros. Sci., 43(3), 429–447.
Keleştemur, O. (2010). “Utilization of waste vehicle tires in concrete and its effect on the corrosion behavior of reinforcing steels.” Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 17(3), 363–370.
Keleştemur, O., and Demirel, B. (2010). “Corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel embedded in concrete produced with finely ground pumice and silica fume.” Constr. Build. Mater., 24(10), 1898–1905.
Królikowski, A., and Kuziak, J. (2011). “Impedance study on calcium nitrite as a penetrating corrosion inhibitor for steel in concrete.” Electrochim. Acta, 56(23), 7845–7853.
Lau, K., and Sagüés, A. A. (2009). “Corrosion of epoxy-and polymer/zinc-coated rebar in simulated concrete pore solution.” Corrosion, 65(10), 681–694.
Li, L., and Sagüés, A. (2001). “Chloride corrosion threshold of reinforcing steel in alkaline solutions-open-circuit immersion tests.” Corrosion, 57(1), 19–28.
Liu, M., Cheng, X., Li, X., Jin, Z., and Liu, H. (2015). “Corrosion behavior of Cr modified HRB400 steel rebar in simulated concrete pore solution.” Constr. Build. Mater., 93(Sep), 884–890.
Liu, M., Cheng, X., Li, X., Pan, Y., and Li, J. (2016). “Effect of Cr on the passive film formation mechanism of steel rebar in saturated calcium hydroxide solution.” Appl. Surf. Sci., 389(Dec), 1182–1191.
Mancio, M., Kusinski, G., Monteiro, P., and Devine, T. (2009). “Electrochemical and in-situ SERS study of passive film characteristics and corrosion performance of 9% Cr microcomposite steel in highly alkaline environments.” J. ASTM Int., 6(5), 1–10.
Montoya, R., Aperador, W., and Bastidas, D. M. (2009). “Influence of conductivity on cathodic protection of reinforced alkali-activated slag mortar using the finite element method.” Corros. Sci., 51(12), 2857–2862.
Morozov, Y., Castela, A., Dias, A., and Montemor, M. (2013). “Chloride-induced corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel in spent fluid cracking catalyst modified mortars.” Cem. Concr. Res., 47(May), 1–7.
Moser, R. D., Singh, P. M., Kahn, L. F., and Kurtis, K. E. (2012). “Chloride-induced corrosion resistance of high-strength stainless steels in simulated alkaline and carbonated concrete pore solutions.” Corros. Sci., 57(Apr), 241–253.
Nossoni, G., and Harichandran, R. S. (2014). “Electrochemical-mechanistic model for concrete cover cracking due to corrosion initiated by chloride diffusion.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 04014001-1–04014001-10.
Østnor, T., and Justnes, H. (2011). “Anodic corrosion inhibitors against chloride induced corrosion of concrete rebars.” Adv. Appl. Ceram., 110(3), 131–136.
Otieno, M., Beushausen, H., and Alexander, M. (2012). “Prediction of corrosion rate in reinforced concrete structures—A critical review and preliminary results.” Mater. Corros., 63(9), 777–790.
Palaniswamy, N., and Vedalakshmi, R. (2010). “Analysis of the electrochemical phenomenon at the rebar-concrete interface using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopic technique.” Mag. Concr. Res., 62(3), 177–189.
Pech-Canul, M., and Castro, P. (2002). “Corrosion measurements of steel reinforcement in concrete exposed to a tropical marine atmosphere.” Cem. Concr. Res., 32(3), 491–498.
Presuel-Moreno, F., Scully, J. R., and Sharp, S. R. (2010). “Literature review of commercially available alloys that have potential as low-cost, corrosion-resistant concrete reinforcement.” Corrosion, 66(8), 086001–086001-13.
Qiao, G., and Ou, J. (2007). “Corrosion monitoring of reinforcing steel in cement mortar by EIS and ENA.” Electrochim. Acta, 52(28), 8008–8019.
Ryu, H. S., Singh, J. K., Lee, H. S., Ismail, M. A., and Park, W. J. (2017). “Effect of inhibitor on corrosion characteristics of steel rebar in saturated solution containing NaCl: An electrochemical study.” Constr. Build. Mater., 133(Feb), 387–396.
Shi, J. J., and Geng, G. Q. (2017). “Electrochemical behavior of fine-grained steel in alkaline solutions in the presence of chlorides.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 29(7), 04017039-1–04017039-11.
Shi, J. J., and Ming, J. (2017). “Influence of mill scale and rust layer on the corrosion resistance of low-alloy steel in simulated concrete pore solution.” Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 24(1), 64–74.
Shi, J. J., and Sun, W. (2012). “Electrochemical and analytical characterization of three corrosion inhibitors of steel in simulated concrete pore solutions.” Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 19(1), 38–47.
Shi, J. J., Sun, W., Jiang, J. Y., and Zhang, Y. M. (2016). “Influence of chloride concentration and pre-passivation on the pitting corrosion resistance of low-alloy reinforcing steel in simulated concrete pore solution.” Constr. Build. Mater., 111(May), 805–813.
Singh, J., and Singh, D. (2012). “The nature of rusts and corrosion characteristics of low alloy and plain carbon steels in three kinds of concrete pore solution with salinity and different pH.” Corros. Sci., 56(Mar), 129–142.
Söylev, T., and Richardson, M. (2008). “Corrosion inhibitors for steel in concrete: State-of-the-art report.” Constr. Build. Mater., 22(4), 609–622.
Tan, Z., and Hansson, C. (2008). “Effect of surface condition on the initial corrosion of galvanized reinforcing steel embedded in concrete.” Corros. Sci., 50(9), 2512–2522.
Tang, F., Cheng, X., Chen, G., Brow, R. K., Volz, J. S., and Koenigstein, M. L. (2013). “Electrochemical behavior of enamel-coated carbon steel in simulated concrete pore water solution with various chloride concentrations.” Electrochim. Acta, 92(Mar), 36–46.
Trejo, D., and Pillai, R. G. (2004). “Accelerated chloride threshold testing. II: Corrosion-resistant reinforcement.” ACI Mater. J., 101(1), 57–64.
Wang, J., Wang, Z., and Ke, W. (2013). “A study of the evolution of rust on weathering steel submitted to the Qinghai salt lake atmospheric corrosion.” Mater. Chem. Phys., 139(1), 225–232.
Ye, C. Q., et al. (2013). “EIS analysis on chloride-induced corrosion behavior of reinforcement steel in simulated carbonated concrete pore solutions.” J. Electroanal. Chem., 688(Jan), 275–281.
Zhang, F., Pan, J., and Lin, C. (2009). “Localized corrosion behaviour of reinforcement steel in simulated concrete pore solution.” Corros. Sci., 51(9), 2130–2138.
Zhang, Y., and Poursaee, A. (2014). “Passivation and corrosion behavior of carbon steel in simulated concrete pore solution under tensile and compressive stresses.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 27(8), 04014234-1–04014234-9.
Zhao, Y., Ren, H., Dai, H., and Jin, W. (2011). “Composition and expansion coefficient of rust based on X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis.” Corros. Sci., 53(5), 1646–1658.
ZSimpWin version 3.30 [Computer software]. EChem Software, Colorado Springs, CO.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30 • Issue 4 • April 2018
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 15, 2017
Accepted: Sep 7, 2017
Published online: Jan 30, 2018
Published in print: Apr 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Jun 30, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.