Durability Characteristics of Polyvinyl Alcohol–Treated Oil Palm Shell Concrete
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 10
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the durability characteristics of lightweight concrete produced from agricultural waste oil palm shell (OPS) pretreated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as full replacement material for conventional coarse aggregates. The tests conducted to assess the durability characteristics of PVA-treated OPS concrete are water absorption, volume of permeable voids, sorptivity, and 90-day salt ponding test in which the chloride diffusion coefficient and time to corrosion initiation are determined. The effects of different curing conditions on the durability characteristics of PVA treated OPS concrete are discussed and the results obtained are compared with raw (untreated) OPS concrete. Results show improvements in terms of water absorption, volume of permeable voids, and resistance to chloride penetration of PVA-treated OPS concrete compared with raw OPS concrete under all types of curing conditions used.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding provided by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) Grant No. FRGS/TK04(01)/972/2013(13). The first author is supported by Zamalah Siswazah UNIMAS.
References
AASHTO. (2002). “Standard method of test for resistance of concrete to chloride ion penetration.” AASHTO T 259, Washington, DC.
Alengaram, U. J., Jumaat, M. Z., and Mahmud, H. (2008). “Influence of sand content and silica fume on mechanical properties of palm kernel shell concrete.” Int. Conf. on Construction Building Technology, University Publication Centre (UPENA), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 251–262.
Alengaram, U. J., Mahmud, H., and Jumaat, M. Z. (2011). “Enhancement and prediction of modulus of elasticity of palm kernel shell concrete.” Mater. Des., 32(4), 2143–2148.
Alengaram, U. J., Mahmud, H., Jumaat, M. Z., and Shirazi, S. M. (2010). “Effect of aggregate size and proportion on strength properties of palm kernel shell concrete.” Int. J. Phys. Sci., 5(12), 1848–1856.
Andrews-Phaedonos, F. (2008). “Test methods for the assessment of durability of concrete.” 23rd Australian Road Research Board Conf., Australian Road Research Board, Vermont South, VIC, Australia.
ASTM. (1999). “Standard specification for lightweight aggregates for structural concrete.” ASTM C330, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2006). “Standard test method for density, absorption, and voids in hardened concrete.” ASTM C642, West Conshohocken, PA.
Babu, V. S., Mullick, A. K., Jain, K. K., and Singh, P. K. (2014). “Strength and durability characteristics of high-strength concrete with recycled aggregate-influence of processing.” J. Sustain. Cem. Mater., 4(1), 54–71.
Basheer, L., Basheer, P. A. M., and Long, A. E. (2005). “Influence of coarse aggregate on the permeation, durability and the microstructure characteristics of ordinary portland cement concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 19(9), 682–690.
BS (British Standard). (1997). “Structural use of concrete—Part 1: Code of practice for design and construction.” BS8110-1, London.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2000). “Concrete—Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity.” EN206-1, Brussels, Belgium.
Chai, W. W. S., Teo, D. C. L., and Ng, C. K. (2014). “Improving the properties of oil palm shell (OPS) concrete using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coated aggregates.” Adv. Mater. Res., 970, 147–152.
Chan, S. Y. N., and Ji, X. H. (1998). “Water sorptivity and chloride diffusivity of oil shale ash concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 12(4), 177–183.
Erdoǧdu, Ş., Kondratova, I. L., and Bremner, T. W. (2004). “Determination of chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete using open-circuit potential measurements.” Cem. Concr. Res., 34(4), 603–609.
EuroLightCon. (2000). “Properties of lightweight concretes containing Lytag and Liapor.” European Union. ⟨http://www.readbag.com/sintef-no-static-bm-projects-eurolightcon-be3942r08⟩ (Mar. 21, 2015).
Gambhir, M. L. (2013). Concrete technology: Theory and practice, 5th Ed., Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi, India.
Gjørv, O. E., Tan, K. F., and Zhang, M. H. (1994). “Diffusivity of chlorides from seawater into high-strength lightweight concrete.” ACI Mater. J., 91(5), 447–452.
Hall, C. (1989). “Water sorptivity of mortars and concretes: A review.” Mag. Concr. Res., 41(147), 51–61.
Herald, S. E., et al. (1992). “Condition evaluation of concrete bridges relative to reinforcement corrosion. Volume 6: Method for field determination of total chloride content.”, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
Kim, J. H., Robertson, R. E., and Naaman, A. E. (1999). “Structure and properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)-modified mortar and concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 29(3), 407–415.
Knapen, E., and Van Gemert, D. (2006). “Water-soluble polymers for modification of cement mortars.” Int. Symp. on Polymer Concrete, Oficinas Gráficas de Barbosa & Xavier, Lda, Portugal, 85–93.
Kou, S. C., and Poon, C. S. (2010). “Properties of concrete prepared with PVA-impregnated recycled concrete aggregates.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 32(8), 649–654.
Kumar, A. (2010). “Water flow and transport of chloride in unsaturated concrete.” M.Sc. thesis, Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
Liu, Z., Cai, C. S., Peng, H., and Fan, F. (2016). “Experimental study of the geopolymeric recycled aggregate concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 04016077-9.
Mackechnie, J. R., and Alexander, M. G. (1997). “Exposure of concrete in different marine environments.” J. Mater. Civil Eng., 41–44.
Mahmud, H., Jumaat, M. Z., and Alengaram, U. J. (2009). “Influence of sand/cement ratio on mechanical properties of palm kernel shell concrete.” J. Appl. Sci., 9(9), 1764–1769.
Maltais, Y., Ouellet, E., Marchand, J., Samson, E., and Burke, D. (2006). “Prediction of the long-term durability of lightweight aggregate concrete mixtures under severe marine environment.” Mater. Struct., 39(9), 911–918.
Mannan, M. A., Alexander, J., Ganapathy, C., and Teo, D. C. L. (2006). “Quality improvement of oil palm shell (OPS) as coarse aggregate in lightweight concrete.” Build. Environ., 41(9), 1239–1242.
Mannan, M. A., and Ganapathy, C. (2004). “Concrete from an agricultural waste-oil palm shell (OPS).” Build. Environ., 39(4), 441–448.
McGrath, P. F., and Hooton, R. D. (1999). “Re-evaluation of the AASHTO T259 90-day salt ponding test.” Cem. Concr. Res., 29(8), 1239–1248.
Mohamad, M. I., Nekooie, M. A., Mahdinezhad, M., Hosseini, P., Taherkhani, R., and Saleh, A. L. (2012). “Selecting of cementing material in green lightweight concrete with oil palm shell (OPS).” Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 4(12), 1729–1739.
Neville, A. M. (2011). Properties of concrete, 5th Ed., Pearson Education, London.
Okafor, F. O. (1988). “Palm kernel shell as a lightweight aggregate for concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 18(6), 901–910.
Okpala, D. C. (1990). “Palm kernel shell as a lightweight aggregate in concrete.” Build. Environ., 25(4), 291–296.
Roy, S. K., Chye, L. K., and Northwood, D. O. (1993). “Chloride ingress in concrete as measured by field exposure tests in the atmospheric, tidal and submerged zones of a tropical marine environment.” Cem. Concr. Res., 23(6), 1289–1306.
Sabir, B. B., Wild, S., and O’Farrell, M. (1998). “A water sorptivity test for mortar and concrete.” Mater. Struct., 31(8), 568–574.
Shafigh, P., Jumaat, M. Z., Mahmud, H. B., and Alengaram, U. J. (2013). “Oil palm shell lightweight concrete containing high volume ground granulated blast furnace slag.” Constr. Build. Mater., 40, 231–238.
Song, H. W., and Kwon, S. J. (2009). “Evaluation of chloride penetration in high performance concrete using neural network algorithm and micro pore structure.” Cem. Concr. Res., 39(9), 814–824.
Spencer, B. W., and Huang, H. (2014). “Light water reactor sustainability program: Survey of models for concrete degradation.”, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID.
Teo, D. C. L., Mannan, M. A., and Kurian, V. J. (2008). “Durability properties of structural lightweight concrete made from oil palm shell (OPS).” Australian Structural Engineering Conf., Meeting Planners, Melbourne, Australia, 1–8.
Teo, D. C. L., Mannan, M. A., and Kurian, V. J. (2010). “Durability of lightweight OPS concrete under different curing conditions.” Mater. Struct., 43(1–2), 1–13.
Topçu, I. B., and Uygunoğlu, T. (2007). “Properties of autoclaved lightweight aggregate concrete.” Build. Environ., 42(12), 4108–4116.
Vennesland, Ø., Climent, M. A., and Andrade, C. (2013). “Recommendation of RILEM TC 178-TMC: Testing and modeling chloride penetration in concrete. Methods for obtaining dust samples by means of grinding concrete in order to determine the chloride concentration profile.” Mater. Struct., 46(3), 337–344.
Villagrán Zaccardi, Y. A., and Taus, V. L. (2011). “Approximation by the finite element method to the preferential chloride diffusion through interfacial transition zone in concrete.” Lat. Am. Appl. Res., 41(3), 285–290.
Wan, H. W., Yang, L. Y., and Shui, Z. H. (2006). “Modification of ITZ structure and properties of regenerated concrete.” J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Sci. Ed., 21(2), 128–132.
Wong, H. S., Zobel, M., Buenfeld, N. R., and Zimmerman, R. W. (2009). “Influence of the interfacial transition zone and microcracking on the diffusivity, permeability and sorptivity of cement-based materials after drying.” Mag. Concr. Res., 61(8), 571–589.
Yang, C. C., and Su, J. K. (2002). “Approximate migration coefficient of interfacial transition zone and the effect of aggregate content on the migration coefficient of mortar.” Cem. Concr. Res., 32(10), 1559–1565.
Yew, M. K., Mahmud, H. B., Ang, B. C., and Yew, M. C. (2014a). “Effects of heat treatment on oil palm shell coarse aggregates for high strength lightweight concrete.” Mater. Des., 54, 702–707.
Yew, M. K., Mahmud, H. B., Ang, B. C., and Yew, M. C. (2014b). “Effects of oil palm shell coarse aggregate species on high strength lightweight concrete.” Sci. World J., 12.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29 • Issue 10 • October 2017
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 9, 2016
Accepted: May 2, 2017
Published online: Jul 26, 2017
Published in print: Oct 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Dec 26, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.