Influence of Exposure Temperature on Chloride Diffusion into RC Pipe Piles Exposed to Atmospheric Corrosion
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 28, Issue 5
Abstract
This paper focuses on the influence of exposure temperature (21, 30 and 50°C) on chloride diffusion into reinforced concrete (RC) pipe pile exposed to atmospheric corrosion. The governing equation of chloride diffusion into RC pipe pile is described and solved analytically by using the Bessel functions. The salt spray tests are set up to simulate the environment of atmospheric corrosion. RC pipe piles with three different water-to-cement () ratios (0.30, 0.45, and 0.55) are exposed to 5% chloride salt spray for 32 days at the three levels of exposure temperatures. The chloride concentration profiles, surface chloride concentration, apparent and effective diffusion coefficients, activation energy, and binding capacity values of RC pipe piles with different ratios at different exposure temperatures are presented. The results of the present study indicate that an increase in exposure temperature results in higher free chloride concentration. The surface chloride concentration and apparent and effective diffusion coefficients increase with the increase in temperature for a certain relative humidity. The binding capacity increases significantly with the increase of exposure temperature from 21 to 30°C; however, the binding capacity decreases slightly with the increase of exposure temperature from 30 to 50°C. The log-variation of apparent diffusion coefficient with the inverse of absolute temperature is linearly distributed. Therefore, it could be concluded that the chloride diffusion into RC pipe pile follows the Arrhenius theory.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation, China, with Grant No. 51178341. In addition, the authors greatly appreciate the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions in improving this paper.
References
AI-Khaja, W. A. (1997). “Influence of temperature, cement type and level of concrete consolidation on chloride ingress in conventional and high-strength concretes.” Constr. Build. Mater., 11(1), 9–13.
Ann, K. Y., Ahn, J. H., and Ryou, J. S. (2009). “The importance of chloride content at the concrete surface in assessing the time to corrosion of steel in concrete structures.” Constr. Build. Mater., 23(1), 239–245.
Arora, P., Popov, B. N., Haran, B., Ramasubramanian, M., Popova, S., and White, R. E. (1997). “Corrosion initiation time of steel reinforcement in a chloride environment—A one dimensional solution.” Corros. Sci., 39(4), 739–759.
ASTM. (2013).“Standard practice for making roller-compacted concrete in cylinder molds using a vibrating table.” ASTM C1176, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bazant, Z. P. (1979). “Physical model for steel corrosion in concrete sea structures-application.” J. Struct. Div., 105(6), 1155–1166.
Brunauer, S., Skalny, J., and Bodor, E. (1969). “Adsorption on non-porous solids.” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 30(4), 546–552.
Care, S. (2008). “Effect of temperature on porosity and on chloride diffusion in cement pastes.” Constr. Build. Mater., 22(7), 1560–1573.
Chen, D., and Mahadevan, S. (2008). “Chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion and concrete cracking simulation.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 30(3), 227–238.
Crank, J. (1975). The mathematics of diffusion, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, London.
Dousti, A., Rashetnia, R., Ahmadi, B., and Shekarchi, M. (2013). “Influence of exposure temperature on chloride diffusion in concretes incorporating silica fume or natural zeolite.” Constr. Build. Mater., 49, 393–399.
Dousti, A., Shekarchi, M., Alizadeh, R., and Taheri-motlagh, A. (2011). “Binding of externally supplied chlorides in micro silica concrete under field exposure conditions.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 33(10), 1071–1079.
El Maaddawy, T., and Soudki, K. (2007). “A model for prediction of time from corrosion initiation to corrosion cracking.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 29(3), 168–175.
Hwang, C. C., and Huang, I. B. (2012). “Analysis of diffusion and extraction in hollow cylinders for some boundary conditions.” IOSR J. Eng., 2(8), 141–151.
Jones, M. R., Dhir, R. K., and Gill, J. P. (1995). “Concrete surface treatment: Effect of exposure temperature on chloride diffusion resistance.” Cem. Concr. Res., 25(1), 197–208.
Khatib, J. M., and Mangat, P. S. (2002). “Influence of high-temperature and low-humidity curing on chloride penetration in blended cement concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 32(11), 1743–1753.
Lindvall, A. (2007). “Chloride ingress data from field and laboratory exposure—Influence of salinity and temperature.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 29(2), 88–93.
Liu, Y., and Weyers, R. E. (1998). “Modeling the time-to-corrosion cracking in chloride contaminated reinforced concrete structures.” Mater. J., 95(6), 675–681.
Lu, C. H., Jin, W. L., and Liu, R. G. (2011). “Reinforcement corrosion-induced cover cracking and its time prediction for reinforced concrete structures.” Corros. Sci., 53(4), 1337–1347.
Martin-Perez, B., Zibara, H., Hooton, R. D., and Thomas, M. D. A. (2000). “A study of the effect of chloride binding on service life predictions.” Cem. Concr. Res., 30(8), 1215–1223.
Nguyen, T. S., Lorente, S., and Carcasses, M. (2009). “Effect of the environment temperature on the chloride diffusion through CEM-I and CEM-V mortars: An experimental study.” Constr. Build. Mater., 23(2), 795–803.
Nilsson, L. O., Massat, M., and Tang, L. (1994). “The effect of non-linear chloride binding on the prediction of chloride penetration into concrete structures.” ACI Spec. Publ., 145, 469–486.
Oh, B. H., and Jang, S. Y. (2007). “Effects of material and environment parameters on chloride penetration profiles in concrete structures.” Cem. Concr. Res., 37(1), 47–53.
Otsuki, N., Madlangbayan, M. S., Nishida, T., Saito, T., and Baccay, M. A. (2009). “Temperature dependency of chloride induced corrosion in concrete.” J. Adv. Concr. Technol., 7(1), 41–50.
Panesar, D. K., and Chidiac, S. E. (2011). “Effect of cold temperature on the chloride-binding capacity of cement.” J. Cold Reg. Eng., 133–144.
Samson, E., and Marchand, J. (2007). “Modeling the effect of temperature on ionic transport in cementitious materials.” Cem. Concr. Res., 37(3), 455–468.
Sergi, W., Yu, S. W., and Page, C. L. (1992). “Diffusion of chloride and hydroxyl ions in cementitious materials exposed to a saline environment.” Mag. Concr. Res., 44(158), 63–69.
Shazali, M. A., Rahman, M. K., Al-Gadhib, A. H., and Baluch, M. H. (2012). “Transport modeling of chlorides with binding in concrete.” Arabian J. Sci. Eng., 37(2), 469–479.
Song, H. W., Lee, C. H., and Ann, K. Y. (2008). “Factors influencing chloride transport in concrete structures exposed to marine environments.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 30(2), 113–121.
Thomas, M. D. A., and Bentz, E. C. (2000). “Life-365 service life prediction model and computer program for predicting the service life and life-cycle costs of reinforced concrete exposed to chlorides.” Life-365 Consortium I.
Xi, Y., Bazant, Z., and Jennings, H. (1994). “Moisture diffusion in cementitious materials-adsorption isotherms.” Adv. Cem. Based Mater., 1(6), 248–257.
Yuan, Q., Shi, C. J., De Schutter, G., Audenaert, K., and Deng, D. H. (2009). “Chloride binding of cement-based materials subjected to external chloride environment—A review.” Constr. Build. Mater., 23(1), 1–13.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 28 • Issue 5 • May 2016
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 21, 2014
Accepted: Sep 23, 2015
Published online: Jan 4, 2016
Published in print: May 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Jun 4, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.