Permeability Loss of Open-Graded Friction Course Mixtures due to Deformation-Related and Particle-Related Clogging: Understanding from a Laboratory Investigation
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 27, Issue 11
Abstract
Open graded friction course (OGFC) is effective in improving the surface function of asphalt pavements. However, it is prone to clogging including deformation-related and particle-related clogging. The aim of the research reported in this paper is to investigate the permeability loss or reduction due to deformation-related clogging and explore the critical size of solid particles attributed to OGFC particle-related clogging. A special falling head permeameter was developed with consideration of both rainwater flowing procedure and the pavement transversal slope. Eight types of OGFC mixtures with different air void contents, gradations, and nominal maximum aggregate sizes were prepared for deformation-related clogging evaluation. Wheel rutting tests were conducted on the OGFC samples with different loading times under two load levels [(1) 700 kPa, and (2) 900 kPa] at 45 and 60°C, and next were permeability tests using the developed permeameter. Permeability loss after different wheel loading times were calculated to explore the effects of the initial air void content, nominal maximum aggregate size, temperature, and loading pressure on deformation-related clogging. Furthermore, seven types of suspension liquids were prepared for particle-related clogging evaluation. For each suspension liquid, the proportions of solids trapped in OGFC air void, passing OGFC sample, and retained on the sample surface were calculated after permeability tests to determine the critical sizes of particle attributed to particle-related clogging. Results show that with the increase in wheel loading times, the permeability of OGFC mixture shows a steady decrease after a sharp initial decline. Permeability loss due to deformation-related clogging can be reduced effectively by using larger nominal maximum aggregate size and larger air voids. Values of 0.15–0.3 and 1.18–2.36 mm are the critical sizes of trapped particles in OGFC mixtures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The research reported in this paper was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51208178 and 51108157) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2012M520991).
References
ASTM. (2009). “Standard test method for infiltration rate of in place pervious concrete.” C1701/C1701M-09, West Conshohocken, PA.
Coleri, E., Kayhanian, M., Harvey, J. T., Yang, K., and Boone, J. M. (2013). “Clogging evaluation of open graded friction course pavements tested under rainfall and heavy vehicle simulators.” J. Environ. Manage., 129, 164–172.
Colwill, D. M., Bowskill, G. J., Nicholls, J. C., and Daines, M. E. (1993). “Porous asphalt trials in the United Kingdom.” Transp. Res. Record, 1427(1), 13–21.
Fwa, T. F., Tan, S. A., Chuai, C. T., and Guwe, Y. K. (2001). “Expedient permeability measurement for porous pavement surface.” Int. J. Pavement Eng., 2(4), 259–270.
Fwa, T. F., Tan, S. A., and Guwe, Y. K. (1999). “Laboratory evaluation of clogging potential of porous asphalt mixtures.” Transp. Res. Record, 1681(1), 43–49.
Hamzah, M. O., Hasan, M. R. M., and Van De Ven, M. (2012). “Permeability loss in porous asphalt due to binder creep.” Constr. Build. Mater., 30, 10–15.
Hu, R., Yan, G. J., Li, J., and Liu, G. (2010). “Application and functional conservation of porous asphalt pavement testing section in Shanghai Expo garden.” Shanghai Highways, (3), 22–27.
Huber, G. (2000). “Performance survey on open-graded friction course mixes.”, National Academies, Washington, DC.
Kraemer, C. (1990). “Porous asphalt surfacing in Spain.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Highway Surfacing, Univ. of Ulster, Belfast, U.K.
Li, H., Kayhanian, M., and Harvey, J. T. (2013). “Comparative field permeability measurement of permeable pavements using ASTM C1701 and NCAT permeameter methods.” J. Environ. Manage., 118, 144–152.
Mallick, R. B., Kandhal, P. S., Cooley, L. A., and Watson, D. E. (2000). “Design, construction, and performance of new generation open-graded friction course.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving, 69, 391–423.
Nielsen, C. B. (2007). “Ravelling of porous pavements—Assessment of test section.”, Road Directorate, Danish Road Institute, Rosklide, Denmark.
Nielsen, C. B., Bendtsen, H., Andersen, B., and Larsen, H. J. E. (2005). “Noise reducing pavements in Japan—Study tour report.”, Road Directorate, Danish Road Institute, Rosklide, Denmark.
Prowell, B., and Dudley, M. (2002). “Evaluation of measurement techniques for asphalt pavement density and permeability.” Transp. Res. Record, 1789(1), 36–45.
Siriwardene, N. R., Deletic, A., and Fletcher, T. D. (2007). “Clogging of stormwater gravel infiltration systems and filters: Insights from a laboratory study.” Water Res., 41(7), 1433–1440.
Suresha, S. N., George, V., and Ravi Shankar, A. U. (2010). “Laboratory and theoretical evaluation of clogging behavior of porous friction course mixes.” Int. J. Pavement Eng., 11(1), 61–70.
Tan, S. A., Fwa, T. F., and Han, C. T. (2003). “Clogging evaluation of permeable bases.” J. Transp. Eng., 309–315.
Yong, C. F., Deletic, A., Fletcher, T. D., and Grace, M. R. (2008). “The clogging behavior and treatment efficiency of a range of porous pavements.” Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on Urban Drainage, Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.
Yong, C. F., McCarthy, D. T., and Deletic, A. (2013). “Predicting physical clogging of porous and permeable pavements.” J. Hydrol., 481, 48–55.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 27 • Issue 11 • November 2015
Copyright
© 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 9, 2014
Accepted: Jan 22, 2015
Published online: Mar 9, 2015
Discussion open until: Aug 9, 2015
Published in print: Nov 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.