Characterizing Permanent Deformation and Fracture of Asphalt Mixtures by Using Compressive Dynamic Modulus Tests
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 24, Issue 7
Abstract
Permanent deformation and fracture may develop simultaneously when an asphalt mixture is subjected to a compressive load. The objective of this research is to separate viscoplasticity and viscofracture from viscoelasticity so that the permanent deformation and fracture of the asphalt mixtures can be individually and accurately characterized without the influence of viscoelasticity. The undamaged properties of 16 asphalt mixtures that have two binder types, two air void contents, and two aging conditions are first obtained by conducting nondestructive creep tests and nondestructive dynamic modulus tests. Testing results are analyzed by using the linear viscoelastic theory in which the creep compliance and the relaxation modulus are modeled by the Prony model. The dynamic modulus and phase angle of the undamaged asphalt mixtures remained constant with the load cycles. The undamaged asphalt mixtures are then used to perform the destructive dynamic modulus tests in which the dynamic modulus and phase angle of the damaged asphalt mixtures vary with load cycles. This indicates plastic evolution and crack propagation. The growth of cracks is signaled principally by the increase of the phase angle, which occurs only in the tertiary stage. The measured total strain is successfully decomposed into elastic strain, viscoelastic strain, plastic strain, viscoplastic strain, and viscofracture strain by employing the pseudostrain concept and the extended elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle. The separated viscoplastic strain uses a predictive model to characterize the permanent deformation. The separated viscofracture strain uses a fracture strain model to characterize the fracture of the asphalt mixtures in which the flow number is determined and a crack speed index is proposed. Comparisons of the 16 samples show that aged asphalt mixtures with a low air void content have a better performance, resisting permanent deformation and fracture.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Federal Highway Administration to the Asphalt Research Consortium (ARC).
References
Chehab, G. R., Kim, Y. R., Schapery, R. A., Witczak, M. W., and Bonquist, R. (2003). “Characterization of asphalt concrete in uniaxial tension using a viscoelastoplastic continuum damage model.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol.JAAPGG, 72, 315–355.
Darabi, M. K., Al-Rub, R. K. A., Masad, E. A., Huang, C.-W., and Little, D. N. (2011). “A thermo-viscoelastic-viscoplastic-viscodamage constitutive model for asphaltic materials.” Int. J. Solids Struct.IJSOAD, 48(1), 191–207.
Drescher, A., Kim, J. R., and Newcomb, D. E. (1993). “Permanent deformation in asphalt concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng.JMCEE7, 5(1), 112–128.
Findley, W. N., Lai, J. S., and Onaran, K. (1989). Creep and relaxation of nonlinear viscoelastic materials with an introduction to linear viscoelasticity, Dover Publication, Inc., Mineola, NY.
Florea, D. (1994a). “Associated elastic/viscoplastic model for bituminous concrete.” Int. J. Eng. Sci.IJESAN, 32(1), 79–86.
Florea, D. (1994b). “Nonassociated elastic viscopastic model for bituminous concrete.” Int. J. Eng. Sci.IJESAN, 32(1), 87–93.
Gibson, N. H., Schwartz, C. W., Schapery, R. A., and Witczak, M. W. (2003). “Viscoelastic, viscoplastic, and damage modeling of asphalt concrete in unconfined compression.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1860, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, 3–15.
Huang, C.-W., Masad, E., Muliana, A. H., and Bahia, H. (2007). “Analysis of nonlinear viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures.” Symposium on Mechanics of Flexible Pavements at the 15th, U.S. National Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, ASCE, Reston, VA, 64–72.
Huang, Y. H. (2004). Pavement analysis and design, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Jones, R. D. (1993). “SHRP materials reference library: Asphalt cements: A concise data compilation.” Strategic Highway Research Program, SHRP-A-645, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
Kim, Y. R., Lee, Y. C., and Lee, H. J. (1995). “Correspondence principle for characterization of asphalt concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng.JMCEE7, 7(1), 59–68.
Kutay, M. E., Gibson, N. H., and Youtcheff, J. (2008). “Use of pseudostress and pseudostrain concepts for characterization of asphalt fatigue tests.” Chapter 30, pavement cracking: mechanisms, modeling, detection, testing and case histories, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 305–314.
Lee, H.-J., and Kim, Y. R. (1998). “Viscoelastic constitutive model for asphalt concrete under cyclic loading.” J. Eng. Mech.JENMDT, 124(1), 32–40.
Levenberg, E., and Uzan, J. (2004). “Triaxial small-strain viscoelastic-viscoplastic modeling of asphalt aggregate mixes.” Mech. Time-Depend. Mater.MTDMFH, 8(4), 365–384.
Lytton, R. L. (2000). “Characterizing asphalt pavements for performance.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1723, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, 5–16.
Lytton, R. L., Uzan, J., Fernando, E. G., Roque, R., Hiltunen, D., and Stoffels, S. (1993). Development and validation of performance prediction models and specifications for asphalt binders and paving mixes, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
Masad, E., Huang, C.-W., Airey, G., and Muliana, A. (2008). “Nonlinear viscoelastic analysis of unaged and aged asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater.CBUMEZ, 22(11), 2170–2179.
Masad, E., Huang, C.-W., D'Angelo, J., and Little, D. (2009). “Characterization of asphalt binder resistance to permanent deformation based on nonlinear viscoelastic analysis of multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol.JAAPGG, 78, 535–566.
Park, S. W., Kim, Y. R., and Schapery, R. A. (1996). “Viscoelastic continuum damage model and its application to uniaxial behavior of asphalt concrete.” Mech. Mater.MSMSD3, 24(4), 241–255.
Perzyna, P. (1971). “Thermodynamic theory of viscoplastcity.” Adv. Appl. Mech.AAMCAY, 11, 313–354.
Saadeh, S., Masad, E., and Little, D. (2007). “Characterization of asphalt mix response under repeated loading using anisotropic nonlinear viscoelastic-viscoplastic model.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng.JMCEE7, 19(10), 912–924.
Schapery, R. A. (1969). “On the characterization of nonlinear viscoelastic materials.” Polymer Engineering & SciencePYESAZ, 9(4), 295–310.
Schapery, R. A. (1984). “Correspondence principles and a generalized J-integral for large deformation and fracture analysis of viscoelastic media.” Int. J. Fract.IJFRAP, 25(3), 195–223.
Schapery, R. A. (1997). “Nonlinear viscoelastic and viscoplastic constitutive equations based on thermodynamics.” Mech. Time-Depend. Mater.MTDMFH, 1(2), 209–240.
Schapery, R. A. (1999). “Nonlinear viscoelastic and viscoplastic constitutive equations with growing damage.” Int. J. Fract.IJFRAP, 97(1–4), 33–66.
Si, Z., Little, D. N., and Lytton, R. L. (2002). “Characterization of microdamage and healing of asphalt concrete mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng.JMCEE7, 14(6), 461–470.
Sides, A., Uzan, J., and Perl, M. (1985). “A comprehensive visco-elastoplastic characterization of sand-asphalt under compression and tension cyclic loading.” J. Test. Eval.JTEVAB, 13(1), 49–59.
Sousa, J. B., and Weissman, S. L. (1994). “Modeling permanent deformation of asphalt-aggregate mixes.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol.JAAPGG, 63, 224–224.
Sousa, J., Weissman, S. L., Sackman, J. L., and Monismith, C. L. (1993). “A nonlinear elastic viscous with damage model to predict permanent deformation of asphalt concrete mixtures.” Transportation Research Record 1384, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 80–93.
Texas Dept. of Transportation. (2004). Standard specifications for construction and maintenance of highways, streets, and bridges, Austin, TX.
Texas Dept. of Transportation. (2008). Test procedure for design of bituminous mixtures, TxDOT designation: Tex-204-F, Austin, TX.
Tseng, K.-H., and Lytton, R. L. (1989). “Prediction of permanent deformation in flexible pavement materials.” Implication of aggregates in the design, construction, and performance of flexible pavements, Schreuders, H. G. and Marek, C. R., eds., ASTM, West Conshohoken, PA, 154–172.
Uzan, J. (1996). “Asphalt concrete characterization for pavement performance prediction.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol.JAAPGG, 65, 573–607.
Wineman, A. S., and Rajagopal, K. R. (2001). Mechanical response of polymers, an introduction, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Zhou, F., and Scullion, T. (2002). “Discussion: Three stages of permanent deformation curve and rutting model.” Int. J. Pavement Eng.IJPEF7, 3(4), 251–260.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2012. American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 31, 2011
Accepted: Dec 28, 2011
Published online: Dec 29, 2011
Published in print: Jul 1, 2012
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.