Abstract
Given the annual generation of huge quantities of mercury waste worldwide, mercury exposure is a universal issue. Mercury waste from the oil and gas industry should be of concern, owing to the presence of mercury during the whole oil and gas life cycle, as well as the industry’s importance and magnitude. Particular attention should be given to mercury waste from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) oil and gas industry because of the high mercury concentrations in the regional petroleum deposits and the upcoming growth of the upstream and downstream subsectors. Therefore, this study aims to explore: (1) how mercury waste from the ASEAN oil and gas industry is managed and (2) the extent to which waste management facilities in the ASEAN can handle such waste. The paper starts with a description of some mercury forms occurring in oil and gas operations and the current situation of the ASEAN oil and gas sector. It then presents the legal frameworks and facilities for mercury waste management in the region and ends with a case study analysis of Best Mercury Technology (BMT) Thailand—a mercury waste management facility. The findings show that most countries lack specific laws on mercury waste management, while some have not legally identified mercury waste from the oil and gas industry and set thresholds for determining mercury waste as well as specific mercury emission standards for oil and gas activities. Other challenges include the lack of proper mercury waste management facilities or facilities that cannot recover mercury from the waste in some nations, including those having a strong oil and gas industry. The case study analysis demonstrates that BMT Thailand’s operations adhere to the national legal requirements as well as many international standards and conventions, indicating the availability of a world-class facility in the ASEAN to cater for the regional demand.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work is part of the project SEELOS1920\1\111, which was supported by the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Lloyd’s Register Foundation under the Safer End of Engineered Life—Offshore Ships scheme.
The authors are grateful to representatives of BMT Thailand, INSEE Ecocycle, PPLi, Kualiti Alam, and Ha Loc Hazardous Waste Treatment Plant for participating in the research and providing useful information during the research process. Many thanks are also given to the representatives of United Waste Management (Thailand), Sea Sentinels Pte Ltd (Singapore), and PTSC Supply Base (Vietnam), as well as Dr. Duong Chi Trung and Dr. Dam Thi Thanh Hai at the Chemical Engineering Department, Petroleum Faculty, PetroVietnam University for helpful information, explanation, and comments.
References
ACE (ASEAN Centre for Energy). 2021. “ASEAN oil and gas updates 2021.” Accessed November 22, 2021. https://aseanenergy.org/asean-oil-and-gas-updates-2021/.
AIT (Asian Institute of Technology). 2021. “Situation assessment of the management of mercury-containing medical measuring devices in Indonesia.” Accessed April 17, 2022. https://www.warm.rrcap.ait.ac.th/media/file/sa-hg-indo-eng.pdf.
AMAP/UNEP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme/United Nations Environment Programme). 2018. “Technical background report to the global atmospheric mercury assessment.” Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme/United Nations Environment Programme. Accessed August 11, 2022. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/11512/Technical_background_report.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Anna, M., F. Andrey, and V. Eugenia. 2022. “Comparison of the performance of different methods to stabilize mercury-containing waste.” J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage. 24: 1134–1139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01386-w.
Asia News Network. 2022. “Laopec: The first modern petroleum refinery in Laos.” The Phnom Penh Post, March 13, 2022.
Austrade (Australian Trade and Investment Commission). n.d.-a. “Oil and gas to Thailand.” Accessed May 10, 2022. https://www.austrade.gov.au/australian/export/export-markets/countries/thailand/industries.
Austrade (Australian Trade and Investment Commission). n.d.-b. “Oil and gas to Vietnam.” Accessed May 13, 2022. https://www.austrade.gov.au/australian/export/export-markets/countries/vietnam/industries/oil-and-gas.
Basel Convention. n.d. “Overview.” Accessed November 16, 2021. http://www.basel.int/TheConvention/Overview/tabid/1271/Default.aspx.
Bautista, J. M. 2020. “Oil and gas exploration in the Philippines.” GEO ExPro 17 (3): 56–59.
BFI (Brunei Fertilizer Industries). n.d. “CEO’s message.” Accessed May 18, 2022. https://www.bfi.com.bn/about/.
BMT (Best Mercury Technology). n.d.-a. “Sustainability.” Accessed November 5, 2021. https://bmt-mercury.com/sustainability/.
BMT (Best Mercury Technology). n.d.-b. “Global leader in mercury and NORM waste management.” Accessed November 5, 2021. https://bmt-mercury.com/who-we-are/.
Boken, J. 2020. “Oil refinery project on hold again.” Khmer Times, December 10, 2020.
BP. 2021. “Statistical review of world energy.” Accessed May 7, 2022. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf.
BUMRC (Bukit Udal Material Recovery Center). n.d. “Home.” Accessed May 31, 2022. http://bukitudal.com/.
Chalkidis, A., D. Jampaiah, A. Aryana, C. D. Wood, P. G. Hartley, Y. M. Sabri, and S. K. Bhargaba. 2020a. “Mercury-bearing wastes: Sources, policies and treatment technologies for mercury recovery and safe disposal.” J. Environ. Manage. 270: 110945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110945.
Chalkidis, A., D. Jampaiah, P. G. Hartley, Y. M. Sabri, and S. K. Bhargava. 2020b. “Mercury in natural gas streams: A review of materials and processes for abatement and remediation.” J. Hazard. Mater. 382: 121036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121036.
CIC (CIC Environmental Services Sdn Bhd). n.d.-a. “CIC mercury treatment system.” Accessed 31 May 31, 2022. http://cicgrp.com/cic-mercury-treatment-system-2/.
CIC (CIC Environmental Services Sdn Bhd). n.d.-b. “Leading the force for Green.” Accessed 31 May 31, 2022. http://cicgrp.com/about-us/.
Congress of the Philippines. 1990. Republic Act No. 6969 (toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear wastes control act of 1990). Manila, Philippines: Congress of the Philippines.
Congress of the Philippines. 1999. Republic Act No. 8749 (philippine clean air act of 1999). Manila, Philippines: Congress of the Philippines.
Constitution of Brunei Darussalam. 2013. Hazardous waste (control of export, import and transit) order, 2013. Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam: Constitution of Brunei Darussalam.
Council of Ministers. 1999. Sub-decree on water pollution control. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Council of Ministers. (unofficial translation).
Crafts, P., and M. Williams. 2020. “Mercury partitioning in oil and gas production systems – design optimisation and risk mitigation through advanced simulation.” APPEA J. 60: 97–109. https://doi.org/10.1071/AJ19167.
DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources). 1992. Implementing rules and regulations of republic act 6969. Manila, Philippines: DENR.
DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources). 1997. Chemical control order for mercury and mercury compounds. Manila, Philippines: DENR.
DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources). 2004. Revised procedural manual on hazardous waste management (Revised DAO 04-36). Manila, Philippines: DENR.
DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources). 2008. Gradual phase-out of mercury in all Philippine healthcare facilities and institutions. Manila, Philippines: DENR.
DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources). 2013. Revised procedures and standards for the management of hazardous wastes (revising DAO 2004-36). Manila, Philippines: DENR.
DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources). 2016. Water quality guidelines and general effluent standards of 2016. Manila, Philippines: DENR.
DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources). 2019. Revised chemical control order (CCO) for mercury and mercury compounds (revising DAO 1997-38). Manila, Philippines: DENR.
DEPR (Department of Environment, Parks and Recreation). n.d. “Status of hazardous waste management in Brunei Darussalam.” Accessed March 18, 2022. http://www.env.gov.bn/SitePages/Status%20Of%20Hazardous%20Waste%20Management%20In%20Brunei%20Darussalam.aspx.
DOE (Department of Energy). n.d. “Philippines petroleum production as of 31-Dec-2020.” Accessed August 9, 2022. https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/energy_resources/petroleum-production-december-2020_0.pdf.
DOE (Department of Environment). 2017. “Updates of national regulations to the implementation of the Basel Convention in Malaysia.” Accessed April 7, 2022. https://www.env.go.jp/en/recycle/asian_net/Annual_Workshops/2017_PDF/Day1_S1/S1_06_Malaysia.pdf.
ECD (Environmental Conservation Department). 2018. National waste management strategy and master plan for Myanmar (2018-2030). Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar: ECD.
EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration). 2017a. “Thailand.” Accessed May 10, 2022. https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/THA.
EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration). 2017b. “Vietnam.” Accessed May 13, 2022. https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/VNM.
EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration). 2021a. “Country analysis executive summary: Indonesia.” Accessed May 6, 2022. https://www.eia.gov/international/content/analysis/countries_long/Indonesia/indonesia.pdf.
EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration). 2021b. “Country analysis executive summary: Malaysia.” Accessed May 7, 2022. https://www.eia.gov/international/content/analysis/countries_long/Malaysia/malaysia.pdf.
EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration). 2021c. “Singapore.” Accessed May 9, 2022. https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/SGP.
Enterprise Singapore. n.d. “Industry profile.” Accessed May 9, 2022. https://www.enterprisesg.gov.sg/industries/type/energy-chemicals/industry-profile.
Gilbert, S. G. 2014. “Dimethylmercury.” Encycl. Toxicol. 2: 169–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00016-6.
Government of Myanmar. 2020. “Country report (draft) – Myanmar.” Accessed April 19, 2022. https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-11/UNCRD_10th%203R%20Forum%202020_Country%20Report_Myanmar.pdf.
Government of the Republic and the Union of Myanmar. 2012. Environmental conservation law no. 9/2012. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar: Government of the Republic and the Union of Myanmar.
Government of Vietnam. 2015. Decree No. 38/2015/ND-CP on management of waste and discarded materials. Hanoi, Vietnam: Government of Vietnam.
Habuer, T. Fujiwara, and M. Takaoka. 2021. “Anthropogenic mercury release flow in China.” Chem. Eng. Trans. 83: 7–12.
Habuer, N. Yoshimoto, M. Takaota, T. Fujimori, K. Oshita, N. Sakai, and S. A. S. A. Kdir. 2016. “Substance flow analysis of mercury in Malaysia.” Atmos. Pollut. Res. 7 (5): 799–807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.04.005.
Harada, M. 1995. “Minamata disease: Methylmercury poisoning in Japan caused by environmental pollution.” Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 25 (1): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3109/10408449509089885.
Hydrocarbons Technology. n.d. “Laopec oil refinery, Vientiane.” Accessed August 10, 2022. https://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/laopec-oil-refinery-vientiane/.
IES (Intelligent Energy Systems) and MKE (Mekong Economics). 2016. “Alternatives for power generation in the Greater Mekong Sub-region.” Accessed April 19, 2022. https://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/downloads/vol_3_ies_mke_lao_pdr_wwf_power_sector_vision_20160321_final_r4.pdf.
Integrated Standards. n.d. “Compare ISO 9001+ISO 14001+ISO 45001.” Accessed November 15, 2021. https://integrated-standards.com/compare-management-system-structure/compare-iso-9001-iso-14001-iso-45001/.
ITA (International Trade Administration). 2021a. “Brunei - country commercial guide.” Accessed May 5, 2022. https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/brunei-energy#:∼:text=Brunei’s%20oil%20and%20gas%20fields,production%20in%20the%20coming%20years.
ITA (International Trade Administration). 2021b. “Burma - country commercial guide.” Accessed May 14, 2022. https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/burma-oil-and-gas.
ITA (International Trade Administration). 2021c. “Energy resource guide: Indonesia – Oil & Gas.” Accessed May 6, 2022. https://www.trade.gov/energy-resource-guide-indonesia-oil-and-gas.
ITA (International Trade Administration). 2021d. “Energy resource guide: Singapore – Oil & Gas.” Accessed May 9, 2022. https://www.trade.gov/energy-resource-guide-singapore-oil-and-gas.
IPIECA. 2014. “Mercury management in petroleum refining.” Accessed April 29, 2022. https://www.ipieca.org/resources/good-practice/mercury-management-in-petroleum-refining/.
Joy, A., and A. Qureshi. 2020. “Mercury in dental amalgam, online retail, and the Minamata Convention on Mercury.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 54 (22): 14139–14142. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01248.
Karstensen, K. H., P. K. Saha, T. A. Win, K. T. Oo, and Y. Y. Mar. 2017. “Generation and management of hazardous wastes in Myanmar.” Forest Department. Accessed May 20, 2021. https://www.forestdepartment.gov.mm/sites/default/files/Research%20Books%20file/Leaflet%20No.5%20Kare%20Helge%20Karstensen.pdf.
Kelland, M. A. 2014. Production chemicals for the oil and gas industry. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Kho, F., D. J. Koppel, R. von Hellfeld, A. Hastings, F. Gissi, T. Cresswell, and S. Higgins. 2022. “Current understanding of the ecological risk of mercury from subsea oil and gas infrastructure to marine ecosystems.” J. Hazard. Mater. 438: 129348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129348.
Kimáková, T., B. Nasser, M. Issa, and I. Uher. 2019. “Mercury cycling in the terrestrial, aquatic and atmospheric environment of the Slovak Republic – an overview.” Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 26 (2): 273–279. https://doi.org/10.26444/aaem/105395.
Ko, T. K. 2020. “Myanmar govt commits to new refinery projects with private sector.” Accessed August 9, 2022. https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-govt-commits-new-refinery-projects-private-sector.html.
Koons, E. 2021. “Malaysian oil and gas company petronas ventures into renewable energy.” Accessed May 8, 2022. https://energytracker.asia/malaysian-oil-and-gas-company-petronas-ventures-into-renewable-energy/.
Kualiti Alam. 2019. “Marketing kits.” Accessed October 21, 2020. https://www.cenviro.com/Cenviro/media/CenviroMedia/docs/Marketing-Kits.pdf?ext=.pdf.
Le, T. V., V. Q. Tran, and C. V. Pham. 2016. “An overview of Vietnam’s oil and gas industry.” PetroVietnam J. 10: 64–71.
Lee, E.-S., S.-J. Cho, S.-K. Back, Y.-C. Seo, S.-H. Kim, and J.-I. Ko. 2020. “Effect of substitution reaction with tin chloride in thermal treatment of mercury contaminated tailings.” Environ. Pollut. 264: 114761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114761.
Lee, W. R., Y. Eom, and T. G. Lee. 2017. “Mercury recovery from mercury-containing wastes using a vacuum thermal desorption system.” Waste Manage. (Oxford) 60: 546–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.017.
Liu, S., X. Wang, G. Guo, and Z. Yan. 2021. “Status and environmental management of soil mercury pollution in China: A review.” J. Environ. Manage. 277: 111442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111442.
Minamata Convention on Mercury. n.d. “About us.” Accessed November 16, 2021. https://www.mercuryconvention.org/en/about.
MOD (Ministry of Development). 2003. Pollution control guidelines for industrial development. Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam: MOD.
MOE (Ministry of Environment). 1999. Sub-Decree on solid waste management. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: MOE. (unofficial translation).
MOE (Ministry of Environment). 2016. “National assessment report on mercury in Cambodia.” Accessed April 16, 2022. https://www.mercuryconvention.org/Portals/11/documents/2016%20call%20for%20submissions/Cambodia%20MIA%20report.pdf.
MOE (Ministry of Environment). 2021. “Update on national regulations and the implementation of the Basel Convention.” Accessed April 19, 2022. https://www.env.go.jp/en/recycle/asian_net/Annual_Workshops/2021_PDF/Presentations/2_Country%20update%20and%20response%20to%20plastic%20amendment/Cambodia.pdf.
MOECAF (Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry). 2014. Environmental conservation rules no. 50/2014. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar: MOECAF.
MOEE (Ministry of Electricity and Energy). n.d. “Completed projects.” Accessed August 8, 2022. https://www.moee.gov.mm/en/ignite/page/439.
MOEF (Ministry of Environment and Forestry). 2021. Procedures and requirements for the management of hazardous wastes. Jakarta, Indonesia: MOEF.
MOEW (Ministry of Environment and Water). 1974. Environmental quality act (EQA) of 1974. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: MOEW.
MOH (Ministry of Health) Brunei. 2004. Poisons Act. Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam: MOH.
MOH (Ministry of Health). 2019. Guideline on healthcare waste management. Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam: MOH.
MOHR (Ministry of Human Resources). 2000. Occupational safety and health (Use and standards of exposure of chemicals hazardous to health) regulations 2000. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: MOHR.
MOI (Ministry of Industry). 2001. Hazardous substance act (No.2), B.E. 2544 (2001). Bangkok, Thailand: MOI. (unofficial translation).
MOI (Ministry of Industry). 2002. Notification of the ministry of industry Re: Stack emission standard from industrial waste incinerator, B.E.2545 (2002). [In Thai.] Bangkok, Thailand: MOI.
MOI (Ministry of Industry). 2005a. Notification of the ministry of industry Re: Industrial waste disposal, B.E. 2548 (2005). Bangkok, Thailand: MOI. (unofficial translation).
MOI (Ministry of Industry). 2005b. Notification of the ministry of industry Re: Prescribing of specification of processed used oil and synthetic fuel as alternative fuel for Furnace oil in industry, B.E. 2548 (2005). [In Thai.] Bangkok, Thailand: MOI.
MOI (Ministry of Industry). 2006. Notification of the ministry of industry Re: Prescribing of air pollutant concentrations from factory B.E. 2549 (2006). [In Thai.] Bangkok, Thailand: MOI.
MOI (Ministry of Industry). 2013. Notification of ministry of industry: List of hazardous substances B.E. 2556 (2013). Bangkok, Thailand: MOI. (unofficial translation).
MOT (Ministry of Transport). 1979. Land transport act, B.E. 2522. Bangkok, Thailand: MOT. (unofficial translation).
Mok, L. 2016. “Mercury the barometer for Asia’s asset-disposal readiness.” Reuters Events. Accessed March 12, 2022. https://www.reutersevents.com/oilandgas/projects-and-technologies/mercury-barometer-asias-asset-disposal-readiness.
MONRE (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment). 2005. Environmental quality (scheduled wastes) regulations 2005. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: MONRE.
MONRE (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment). 2009. National technical regulation on hazardous waste thresholds (QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT). Hanoi, Vietnam: MONRE. (unofficial translation).
MONRE (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment). 2011. National technical regulation on industrial wastewater (QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT). Hanoi, Vietnam: MONRE. (unofficial translation).
MONRE (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment). 2012. National technical regulation on industrial waste incinerator (QCVN 30:2012/BTNMT). [In Vietnamese.] Hanoi, Vietnam: MONRE.
MONRE (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment). 2015a. Ministerial instructions no. 0744/MONRE on hazardous waste management. Vientiane, Lao PDR: MONRE. (unofficial translation).
MONRE (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment). 2015b. Circular No. 36/2015/TT-BTNMT on management of hazardous wastes. Hanoi, Vietnam: MONRE. (unofficial translation).
MONRE (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment). 2017. National pollution control strategy and action plan 2018-2025, with vision to 2030. Vientiane, Lao PDR: MONRE.
MONREC (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation). 2015. National environmental quality (emission) guidelines. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar: MONREC.
Mordor Intelligence. n.d.-a. “Thailand oil and gas market - growth, trends, COVID-19 impact, and forecasts (2022–2027).” Accessed May 10, 2022. https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/thailand-oil-and-gas-market.
Mordor Intelligence. n.d.-b. “Thailand oil and gas upstream market - growth, trends, COVID-19 impact, and forecasts (2022–2027).” Accessed May 10, 2022. https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/thailand-oil-and-gas-upstream-market.
Murphy, T., S. Lim, S. P. Huong, K. Irvine, S. Bayen, B. C. Kelly, and K. Wilson. 2012. “Application of handheld X-ray fluorescence analyzers to identify mercury in skin-whitening creams in Cambodia.” J. Health and Pollut. 2 (3): 21–31. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-2.3.21.
Myanmar Legal MHM. 2021. “First-step analysis: The oil market and regulation in Myanmar.” Accessed May 14, 2022. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=17576479-e52a-43a6-9710-ce79ecbfebf0.
National Assembly of Lao PDR. 2012. Environmental protection law (revised version). Vientiane, Lao PDR: National Assembly of Lao PDR. (unofficial translation).
National Assembly of Vietnam. 2020. Environmental protection law. [In Vietnamese.] Hanoi, Vietnam: National Assembly of Vietnam.
NEA (National Environment Agency). n.d.-a. “Management of toxic industrial waste in Singapore.” Accessed April 27, 2022. https://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/our-services/pollution-control/hazardous-waste/management-of-toxic-industrial-waste.pdf.
NEA (National Environment Agency). n.d.-b. “Waste management – overview.” Accessed April 27, 2022. https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/waste-management.
NEA (National Environment Agency). 2000. Environmental public health (toxic industrial waste) regulations 1988 (revised 2000). Singapore, Singapore: NEA.
NEA (National Environment Agency). 2002. Environmental public health act 1987 (revised 2002). Singapore, Singapore: NEA.
NEA (National Environment Agency). 2008a. Environmental protection and management (air impurities) regulations 2001 (revised 2008). Singapore, Singapore: NEA.
NEA (National Environment Agency). 2008b. Environmental protection and management (hazardous substances) regulations 2008. Singapore, Singapore: NEA.
NEA (National Environment Agency). 2008c. Environmental protection and management (trade effluent) regulations 1999 (revised 2008). Singapore, Singapore: NEA.
NEA (National Environment Agency). 2020a. Environmental protection and management act 1999 (revised 2020). Singapore, Singapore: NEA.
NEA (National Environment Agency). 2020b. Hazardous waste (control of export, import and transit) act 1997 (revised 2020). Singapore, Singapore: NEA.
Nguon, P. 2018. “Cambodia’s oil and gas activities and future outlooks.” MPRA (Munich Personal RePEc Archive). Accessed May 5, 2022. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/91375/1/MPRA_paper_91375.pdf.
NS Energy. n.d. “Hengyi PMB refinery and petrochemical project.” Accessed May 18, 2022. https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/hengyi-pmb-refinery-and-petrochemical-project/.
Ohio Lumex. 2018. “Variability of mercury in natural gas extraction, transportation & processing.” Accessed May 22, 2022. https://www.ohiolumex.com/post/2018/10/11/variability-of-mercury-in-natural-gas-extraction-transportation-processing.
OSHAS Project Group. 2007. “Occupational health and safety management systems – requirements.” Accessed February 10, 2020. http://www.aims.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/OHSAS-18001-2007-Standards.pdf.
Palathoti, S., M. Al-Rawahi, R. Mahfud, and V. Otitolaiye. 2022. “Effects of mercury concentration on the health and safety of oil and gas workers.” Int. J. Occup. Saf. Health 12 (3): 152–162. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v12i3.40325.
Panagos, P., M. Jiskra, P. Borrelli, L. Liakos, and C. Ballabio. 2021. “Mercury in European topsoils: Anthropogenic sources, stocks and fluxes.” Environ. Res. 201: 111556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111556.
Pariatamby, A., F. S. Hamid, and M. S. Bhatti. 2020. Sustainable waste management challenges in developing countries. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
President of Indonesia. 2009. Law No. 32 of 2009 on environmental protection and management). Jakarta, Indonesia: President of Indonesia. (unofficial translation).
President of Indonesia. 2021. Government regulation No. 22 of 2021 on environmental protection and management. [In Indonesian.] Jakarta, Indonesia: President of Indonesia.
Qa³ Limited. 2016. “Unconsidered mercury emissions from the oil and gas industry.” Petro Industry News Annual Buyers Guide 2016. Accessed May 3, 2022. https://www.petro-online.com/article/measurement-and-testing/14/qa3/unconsidered-mercury-emissions-from-the-oil-and-gas-industry/1979.
Rivera, D. 2021. “Philippines natural gas output down in 2020.” The Philippines Star, March 1, 2021.
Royal Government of Cambodia. 1996. Environmental protection and natural resources management law. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Royal Government of Cambodia. (unofficial translation).
Safrina, R., and S. A. Rosalia. 2020. “COVID-19 vs ASEAN energy sector: Oil & gas – recap of 2020.” Energy Insight 15: 1–5.
Saleh, T. A., G. Fadillah, E. Ciptawati, and M. Khaled. 2020. “Analytical methods for mercury speciation, detection, and measurement in water, oil, and gas.” TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem. 132: 116016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2020.116016.
SBC (Secretariat of the Basel Convention). 2015. “Technical guidelines on the environmentally sound management of wastes consisting of, containing or contaminated with mercury or mercury compounds.” Accessed 8 June 2022. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/TechnicalMatters/DevelopmentofTechnicalGuidelines/TechnicalGuidelines/tabid/8025/Default.aspx.
SBC (Secretariat of the Basel Convention). 2022. “Technical guidelines on the environmentally sound management of wastes consisting of, containing or contaminated with mercury or mercury compounds.” Accessed 9 June 2022. https://www.basel.int/Portals/4/download.aspx?d=UNEP-CHW-OEWG.12-INF-13-Rev.2.English.pdf.
Seng, Q. Y. 2017. “Updates on national regulations and implementation status.” Accessed April 7, 2022. https://www.env.go.jp/en/recycle/asian_net/Annual_Workshops/2017_PDF/Day1_S1/S1_03_Singapore.pdf.
Sharma, B. M., G. K. Bharat, K. Šebková, and M. Scheringer. 2019. “Implementation of the Minamata Convention to manage mercury pollution in India: Challenges and opportunities.” Environ. Sci. Eur. 31: 96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-019-0280-3.
SMCM (Secretariat of the Minamata Convention on Mercury). 2019. “Guidance on best available techniques and best environmental practices.” Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.mercuryconvention.org/en/resources/guidance-best-available-techniques-and-best-environmental-practices.
Sofia, S., A. H. Husodo, and E. Sugiharto. 2016. “Acute and chronic toxicity of mercury exposure in seafood and human populations near a small-scale gold mining area.” Int. J. Publ. Health Sci. 5 (3): 257–266.
SP Global Platts. 2017. “Emerging among giants.” Accessed May 22, 2022. https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/plattscontent/_assets/_files/en/specialreports/oil/asean-asia-commodities-energy-report.pdf.
Sultan, M. M. A., C. T. Goh, S. E. W. Puteh, and M. Mokhtar. 2019. “Establishing mercury-free medical facilities: A Malaysian case study.” Int. J. Health Care Qual. Assur. 32 (1): 34–44. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHCQA-08-2017-0161.
Suraadiningrat, D. W. H. 2017. “Regional study on mercury waste management in the ASEAN countries.” United Nations Environment Programme. Accessed November 17, 2020. https://environment.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Regional-Study-on-Mercury-Waste-Management-in-ASEAN-Countries-UNEP.pdf.
Takahashi, T. 2021. “Cambodia stops oil production but retains promising undersea rights.” Nikkei Asia, July 23, 2021.
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar. 2019. National environmental policy of Myanmar 2019. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar: The Republic of the Union of Myanmar.
The World Bank. 2022. “Energy sector: Myanmar infrastructure monitoring.” Accessed August 8, 2022. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099045104062298290/pdf/P177540085ed880ca098230031387b28dd2.pdf.
Umeyama, K. 2021. “Cambodia amends sub-decree on water pollution control.” Accessed April 17, 2022. https://enviliance.com/regions/southeast-asia/kh/report_3360.
UN (United Nations). 2015. “Recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods.” Volume II. Accessed November 15, 2021. https://unece.org/DAM/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev19/Rev19e_Vol_II.pdf.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2002a. “Basel convention technical guidelines on incineration on land.” Accessed November 16, 2021. http://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20Convention/docs/meetings/sbc/workdoc/old%20docs/tech-d10.pdf.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2002b. “Basel convention technical guidelines on specially engineered landfill.” Accessed November 16, 2021. https://www.humanitarianlibrary.org/sites/default/files/2020/06/UNEP-CHW-WAST-GUID-SpeciallyEngineeredLandfill.pdf.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2017. “Global mercury waste assessment: Review of current national measures.” Accessed April 27. 2022. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/22766/Global_mercury_waste_assessment_EN.pdf?sequence=1isAllowed=y.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2019. “Minamata convention on mercury.” Accessed November 16, 2021. https://www.mercuryconvention.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/Minamata-Convention-booklet-Sep2019-EN.pdf.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2022. “Mercury from oil and gas.” UNEP Global Mercury Partnership Study Report. Accessed August 3, 2022. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/38702/Study_oils.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y.
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2001. “Mercury in petroleum and natural gas: Estimation of emissions from production, processing, and combustion.” Accessed April 29, 2022. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/2000E6VS.PDF?Dockey=2000E6VS.PDF.
Vaidya, V. S., and H. M. Mehendale. 2014. “Mercuric Chloride (HgCl2).” Encycl. Toxicol. 3: 203–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00330-4.
Vietnam Chemicals Agency & UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization). 2017. “Minamata convention initial assessment in Vietnam (Vietnam MIA Project).” Accessed April 18, 2022. https://www.mercuryconvention.org/sites/default/files/documents/minamata_initial_assessment/Viet-Nam-MIA-2016.pdf.
Vongsay, A. 2013. “Energy sector development in Lao PDR.” Accessed April 19, 2022. https://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/5021.pdf.
Weiss, B. 2014. “Psychological indices of toxicity.” In Encyclopedia of toxicology. 3rd ed., edited by P. Wexler, 558–567. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
Wilhelm, S. M., and N. Bloom. 2000. “Mercury in petroleum.” Fuel Process. Technol. 63: 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00068-5.
Win, T. A. 2021. “Country updates & response to plastic amendment of Myanmar.” Accessed April 19, 2022. https://www.env.go.jp/en/recycle/asian_net/Annual_Workshops/2021_PDF/Presentations/2_Country%20update%20and%20response%20to%20plastic%20amendment/Myanmar.pdf.
Wood Mackenzie. 2021. “Philippines product markets 2021 outlook to 2050.” Accessed May 9, 2022. https://www.woodmac.com/reports/refining-and-oil-products-philippines-product-markets-2021-outlook-to-2050-508945.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 27 • Issue 1 • January 2023
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 21, 2022
Accepted: Aug 27, 2022
Published online: Oct 31, 2022
Published in print: Jan 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Mar 31, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Huyen Thi Le, Wonsiri Punurai, Klitsadee Yubonmhat, Evin Yuliati, Jing-Shuo Leow, Hooi-Siang Kang, Sari Amelia, Omar Bin Yaakob, Noor Amila Wan Zawawi, Jin Wang, Sy Van Le, Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material Waste Management in the ASEAN Oil and Gas Industry: A Review, Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 10.1061/JHTRBP.HZENG-1247, 28, 1, (2023).