Hydrokinetic Turbines in Yawed Conditions: Toward Synergistic Fluvial Installations
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 4
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were performed in critical mobility conditions to study the effects of an in-stream horizontal axis turbine in yawed conditions. The misalignment between the rotor axis and the incoming flow velocity is observed to alter the near and far wake of the turbine, as well as the scour and deposition patterns in the proximity of the monopile support tower. Various hydraulic conditions may lead to such misalignment, e.g., as a result of complex fluvial bathymetries distorting the flow or as a strategy to steer the wake away from downstream units and maximize energy production in a turbine array. The research first investigates the simplest case of a single turbine deployed along the channel centerline and oriented at different yaw angles to study the wake deflection and the turbine performance. A second set of experiments is performed moving the turbine relatively close to a nonerodible lateral wall to explore a potential passive yaw control strategy devoted to protect the banks from erosion by steering the wake toward the channel center and favor deposition along the bank.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Career Grant Geophysical Flow Control (Michele Guala, Grant No. 1351303) and by Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship awarded to Ph.D. student M. Musa by the University of Minnesota. The authors would like to thank SAFL engineering staff for the constant and professional support.
References
Abad, J. D., B. L. Rhoads, I. Güneralp, and M. H. García. 2008. “Flow structure at different stages in a meander-bend with bendway weirs.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 134 (8): 1052–1063. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:8(1052).
Ahmadi, M. H. 2019. “Influence of upstream turbulence on the wake characteristics of a tidal stream turbine.” Renewable Energy 132 (Mar): 989–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.08.055.
Allen, H. H., and J. R. Leech. 1997. Bioengineering for streambank erosion control. Report 1-guidelines. Vicksburg, MS: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station.
Bachant, P., and M. Wosnik. 2015a. “Characterising the near-wake of a cross-flow turbine.” J. Turbul. 16 (4): 392–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/14685248.2014.1001852.
Bachant, P., and M. Wosnik. 2015b. “Performance measurements of cylindrical- and spherical-helical cross-flow marine hydrokinetic turbines, with estimates of exergy efficiency.” Renewable Energy 74 (Feb): 318–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.07.049.
Bahaj, A., A. Molland, J. Chaplin, and W. Batten. 2007. “Power and thrust measurements of marine current turbines under various hydrodynamic flow conditions in a cavitation tunnel and a towing tank.” Renewable Energy 32 (3): 407–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2006.01.012.
Baldwin, S., G. Bindewald, A. Brown, C. Chen, K. Cheung, C. Clark, and J. Cresko. 2015. Quadrennial technology review 2015: Technology assessments–marine and hydrokinetic power. Washington, DC: Dept. of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
Bane, J. M., R. He, M. Muglia, C. F. Lowcher, Y. Gong, and S. M. Haines. 2017. “Marine hydrokinetic energy from western boundary currents.” Ann. Review Marine Sci. 9: 105–123. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060423.
Bastankhah, M., and F. Porté-Agel. 2016. “Experimental and theoretical study of wind turbine wakes in yawed conditions.” J. Fluid Mech. 806: 506–541. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.595.
Bernhardt, E. S., and M. A. Palmer. 2011. “River restoration: The fuzzy logic of repairing reaches to reverse catchment scale degradation.” Ecol. Appl. 21 (6): 1926–1931. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1574.1.
Boersma, S., B. Doekemeijer, P. M. Gebraad, P. A. Fleming, J. Annoni, A. K. Scholbrock, J. Frederik, and J.-W. van Wingerden. 2017. “A tutorial on control-oriented modeling and control of wind farms.” In Proc., 2017 American Control Conf., 1–18. New York: IEEE.
Chamorro, L. P., C. Hill, S. Morton, C. Ellis, R. Arndt, and F. Sotiropoulos. 2013. “On the interaction between a turbulent open channel flow and an axial-flow turbine.” J. Fluid Mech. 716: 658–670. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.571.
Chen, L., R. Hashim, F. Othman, and S. Motamedi. 2017. “Experimental study on scour profile of pile-supported horizontal axis tidal current turbine.” Renewable Energy 114 (Part B): 744–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.07.026.
Churchfield, M. J., Y. Li, and P. J. Moriarty. 2013. “A large-eddy simulation study of wake propagation and power production in an array of tidal-current turbines.” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 371 (1985): 20120421. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0421.
Clauser, F. H. 1956. “The turbulent boundary layer.” In Vol. 4 of Advances in applied mechanics, 1–51. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Dou, B., M. Guala, L. Lei, and P. Zeng. 2019a. “Experimental investigation of the performance and wake effect of a small-scale wind turbine in a wind tunnel.” Energy 166 (Jan): 819–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.103.
Dou, B., M. Guala, L. Lei, and P. Zeng. 2019b. “Wake model for horizontal-axis wind and hydrokinetic turbines in yawed conditions.” Appl. Energy 242 (May): 1383–1395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.164.
Fraser, S., V. Nikora, B. J. Williamson, and B. E. Scott. 2017. “Hydrodynamic impacts of a marine renewable energy installation on the benthic boundary layer in a tidal channel.” Energy Procedia 125 (Sep): 250–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.169.
Froehlich, D. C., and C. A. Benson. 1996. “Sizing dumped rock riprap.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 122 (7): 389–396. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:7(389).
Frost, C., C. E. Morris, A. Mason-Jones, D. M. O’Doherty, and T. O’Doherty. 2015. “The effect of tidal flow directionality on tidal turbine performance characteristics.” Renewable Energy 78 (Jun): 609–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.01.053.
Galloway, P. W., L. E. Myers, and A. S. Bahaj. 2014. “Quantifying wave and yaw effects on a scale tidal stream turbine.” Renewable Energy 63 (Mar): 297–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.09.030.
Gebraad, P., J. J. Thomas, A. Ning, P. Fleming, and K. Dykes. 2017. “Maximization of the annual energy production of wind power plants by optimization of layout and yaw-based wake control.” Wind Energy 20 (1): 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.1993.
Grant, I., P. Parkin, and X. Wang. 1997. “Optical vortex tracking studies of a horizontal axis wind turbine in yaw using laser-sheet, flow visualisation.” Exp. Fluids 23 (6): 513–519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003480050142.
Haas, K. A., H. M. Fritz, S. P. French, B. T. Smith, and V. S. Neary. 2011. Assessment of energy production potential from tidal streams in the United States. Atlanta: Georgia Tech Research Corporation.
Henderson, J. E. 1986. “Environmental designs for streambank protection projects.” J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 22 (4): 549–558. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb01907.x.
Hill, C., J. Kozarek, F. Sotiropoulos, and M. Guala. 2016a. “Hydrodynamics and sediment transport in a meandering channel with a model axial-flow hydrokinetic turbine.” Water Resour. Res. 52 (2): 860–879. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017949.
Hill, C., M. Musa, L. P. Chamorro, C. Ellis, and M. Guala. 2014. “Local scour around a model hydrokinetic turbine in an erodible channel.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 140 (8): 04014037. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000900.
Hill, C., M. Musa, and M. Guala. 2016b. “Interaction between instream axial flow hydrokinetic turbines and uni-directional flow bedforms.” Renewable Energy 86 (Feb): 409–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.08.019.
Howard, K., J. Hu, L. P. Chamorro, and M. Guala. 2015. “Characterizing the response of a wind turbine model under complex inflow conditions.” Wind Energy 18 (4): 729–743. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.1724.
Jacobson, P. T., G. Hagerman, and G. Scott. 2011. Mapping and assessment of the United States ocean wave energy resource. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute.
Jiménez, Á., A. Crespo, and E. Migoya. 2010. “Application of a LES technique to characterize the wake deflection of a wind turbine in yaw.” Wind Energy 13 (6): 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.380.
Jiménez, J. 2004. “Turbulent flows over rough walls.” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 36: 173–196. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122103.
Kang, S., I. Borazjani, J. A. Colby, and F. Sotiropoulos. 2012. “Numerical simulation of 3D flow past a real-life marine hydrokinetic turbine.” Adv. Water Resour. 39 (Apr): 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2011.12.012.
Kang, S., X. Yang, and F. Sotiropoulos. 2014. “On the onset of wake meandering for an axial flow turbine in a turbulent open channel flow.” J. Fluid Mech. 744: 376–403. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.82.
Khosronejad, A., C. Hill, S. Kang, and F. Sotiropoulos. 2013. “Computational and experimental investigation of scour past laboratory models of stream restoration rock structures.” Adv. Water Resour. 54 (Apr): 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2013.01.008.
Lam, W.-H., L. Chen, and R. Hashim. 2015. “Analytical wake model of tidal current turbine.” Energy 79 (Jan): 512–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.11.047.
Li, M.-H., and K. E. Eddleman. 2002. “Biotechnical engineering as an alternative to traditional engineering methods: A biotechnical streambank stabilization design approach.” Landscape Urban Plann. 60 (4): 225–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00057-9.
Lust, E. E., K. A. Flack, and L. Luznik. 2018. “Survey of the near wake of an axial-flow hydrokinetic turbine in quiescent conditions.” Renewable Energy 129 (Part A): 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.05.075.
Maganga, F., G. Germain, J. King, G. Pinon, and E. Rivoalen. 2010. “Experimental characterisation of flow effects on marine current turbine behaviour and on its wake properties.” IET Renewable Power Gener. 4 (6): 498–509. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2009.0205.
Maynord, S. T. 1995. “Gabion-mattress channel-protection design.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 121 (7): 519–522. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:7(519).
Medici, D., and P. Alfredsson. 2006. “Measurements on a wind turbine wake: 3D effects and bluff body vortex shedding.” Wind Energy: Int. J. Progress Appl. Wind Power Conversion Technol. 9 (3): 219–236. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.156.
Melville, B., and A. Sutherland. 1988. “Design method for local scour at bridge piers.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 114 (10): 1210–1226. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1988)114:10(1210).
Melville, B. W. 1997. “Pier and abutment scour: Integrated approach.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 123 (2): 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:2(125).
Modali, P. K., N. S. Kolekar, and A. Banerjee. 2018. “Performance and wake characteristics of a tidal turbine under yaw.” Int. Mar. Energy J. 1 (1): 41–50. https://doi.org/10.36688/imej.1.41-50.
Morandi, B., F. Di Felice, M. Costanzo, G. Romano, D. Dhomé, and J. Allo. 2016. “Experimental investigation of the near wake of a horizontal axis tidal current turbine.” Int. J. Mar. Energy 14 (Jun): 229–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijome.2016.02.004.
Muljadi, E., and Y.-H. Yu. 2015. “Review of marine hydrokinetic power generation and power plant.” Electric Power Compon. Syst. 43 (12): 1422–1433. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2015.1030519.
Musa, M., M. Heisel, and M. Guala. 2018a. “Predictive model for local scour downstream of hydrokinetic turbines in erodible channels.” Phys. Rev. Fluids 3 (2): 024606. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.024606.
Musa, M., C. Hill, and M. Guala. 2019. “Interaction between hydrokinetic turbine wakes and sediment dynamics: Array performance and geomorphic effects under different siting strategies and sediment transport conditions.” Renewable Energy 138 (Aug): 738–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.02.009.
Musa, M., C. Hill, F. Sotiropoulos, and M. Guala. 2018b. “Performance and resilience of hydrokinetic turbine arrays under large migrating fluvial bedforms.” Nat. Energy 3 (10): 839. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0218-9.
Myers, L., and A. Bahaj. 2006. “Power output performance characteristics of a horizontal axis marine current turbine.” Renewable Energy 31 (2): 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2005.08.022.
Myers, L., and A. Bahaj. 2007. “Wake studies of a 1/30th scale horizontal axis marine current turbine.” Ocean Eng. 34 (5–6): 758–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2006.04.013.
Nash, S., and A. Phoenix. 2017. “A review of the current understanding of the hydro-environmental impacts of energy removal by tidal turbines.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 80 (Dec): 648–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.289.
Neary, V. S., B. Gunawan, and D. Sale. 2013. “Turbulent inflow characteristics for hydrokinetic energy conversion in rivers.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 26 (Oct): 437–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.033.
Neill, S. P., E. J. Litt, S. J. Couch, and A. G. Davies. 2009. “The impact of tidal stream turbines on large-scale sediment dynamics.” Renewable Energy 34 (12): 2803–2812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.06.015.
NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory). 2017. “MHK atlas.” Accessed January 22, 2017. https://maps.nrel.gov/mhk-atlas/.
Odgaard, A. J., and C. E. Mosconi. 1987. “Streambank protection by submerged vanes.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 113 (4): 520–536. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1987)113:4(520).
Odgaard, A. J., and Y. Wang. 1991a. “Sediment management with submerged vanes. I: Theory.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 117 (3): 267. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1991)117:3(267).
Odgaard, A. J., and Y. Wang. 1991b. “Sediment management with submerged vanes. II: Applications.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 117 (3): 284–302. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1991)117:3(284).
Parker, G. 2017. “1D morphodynamics of rivers and turbidity currents.” Accessed August 19, 2017. http://hydrolab.illinois.edu/people/parkerg/default.asp.
Piano, M., S. Neill, M. Lewis, P. Robins, M. Hashemi, A. Davies, S. Ward, and M. Roberts. 2017. “Tidal stream resource assessment uncertainty due to flow asymmetry and turbine yaw misalignment.” Renewable Energy 114 (Part B): 1363–1375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.05.023.
Ramírez-Mendoza, R., L. Amoudry, P. Thorne, R. Cooke, S. McLelland, L. Jordan, S. Simmons, D. Parsons, and L. Murdoch. 2018. “Laboratory study on the effects of hydro kinetic turbines on hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics.” Renewable Energy 129 (Part A): 271–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.05.094.
Shields, A. 1936. Anwendung der aehnlichkeitsmechanik und der turbulenzforschung auf die geschiebebewegung. Berlin, Germany: Preussischen Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau.
Shields, F. D., Jr., R. R. Copeland, P. C. Klingeman, M. W. Doyle, and A. Simon. 2003. “Design for stream restoration.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 129 (8): 575–584. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2003)129:8(575).
Stallard, T., R. Collings, T. Feng, and J. Whelan. 2013. “Interactions between tidal turbine wakes: Experimental study of a group of three-bladed rotors.” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 371 (1985): 20120159. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0159.
Strom, B., S. L. Brunton, and B. Polagye. 2017. “Intracycle angular velocity control of cross-flow turbines.” Nat. Energy 2 (8): 17103. https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2017.103.
van Rijn, L. C. 1984. “Sediment transport, part I: Bed load transport.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 110 (10): 1431–1456. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:10(1431).
Wohl, E., S. N. Lane, and A. C. Wilcox. 2015. “The science and practice of river restoration.” Water Resour. Res. 51 (8): 5974–5997. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016874.
Yang, X., A. Khosronejad, and F. Sotiropoulos. 2017. “Large-eddy simulation of a hydrokinetic turbine mounted on an erodible bed.” Renewable Energy 113 (Dec): 1419–1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.07.007.
Yang, Z., and A. Copping. 2017. Marine renewable energy: Resource characterization and physical effects. New York: Springer.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 146 • Issue 4 • April 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 30, 2019
Accepted: Aug 22, 2019
Published online: Feb 11, 2020
Published in print: Apr 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jul 11, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.