Technical Papers
Aug 7, 2018

Work-Based Framework for Sample Quality Evaluation of Low Plasticity Soils

Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 144, Issue 10

Abstract

Sampling and laboratory testing of soils is often necessary to evaluate site-specific soil properties. Prior research has been primarily performed for clays, producing accepted practices that enable reliable soil characterization via laboratory testing [e.g., Δe/e0 and sample quality designation (SQD)]. Synthetic mixtures of nonplastic to plastic silts and clays are tested using oedemetric constant rate of strain consolidation. Results indicate trends of increasing sample quality with decreasing plasticity and in situ overburden stress that are independent of the level of induced disturbance. A framework for assessing sample quality based on concepts of work and strain-energy is developed and shown to be independent of these effects. Normalization of the initial recompression slope (Cr or Crw) by the virgin compression slope (Cc or Ccw) results in an index Cr/Cc (or Crw/Ccw) that accurately captures disturbance for soils across a wide range of tested conditions. This method is further evaluated using data from published prior studies.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate the collaboration with Will Lukas at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. This work was completed with funding from the National Science Foundation under grant CMMI-1436617. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

References

Andresen, A., and P. Kolstad. 1979. “The NGI 54-mm samplers for undisturbed sampling of clays and representative sampling of coarser materials.” In Proc., Int. Symp. of Soil Sampling, State of the Art on Current Practice of Soil Sampling, 13–21. London: Univ. of London.
ASTM. 2000. Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils. ASTM D4318. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2006. “Standard test method for one-dimensional consolidation properties of saturated cohesive soils using controlled-strain loading.” ASTM D4186. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2010. Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system). ASTM D2487. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Baligh, M. M. 1985. “Strain path method.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 111 (9): 1108–1136. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:9(1108).
Baligh, M. M., A. S. Azzouz, and C. T. Chin. 1987. “Disturbances due to ‘ideal’ tube sampling.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 113 (7): 739–757. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1987)113:7(739).
Becker, D. E., J. H. Crooks, K. Been, and M. G. Jefferies. 1987. “Work as a criterion for determining in situ and yield stresses in clays.” Can. Geotech. J. 24 (4): 549–564. https://doi.org/10.1139/t87-070.
Clayton, C. R. I., A. Siddique, and R. J. Hopper. 1998. “Effects of sampler design on tube sampling disturbance—numerical and analytical investigations.” Geotechnique 48 (6): 847–867. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1998.48.6.847.
Donohue, S., and M. Long. 2007. “Rapid determination of sample quality using shear wave velocity and suction measurements.” In Proc., Conf. on Soil Investigation and Foundation Behaviour, 63–72. London: SUT.
Hight, D. W. 2003. “Sampling effects in soft clay: An update on Ladd and Lambe (1963).” In Soil behavior and soft ground construction, edited by J. T. Germaine, T. C. Sheahan, and R. V. Whitman, 86–121. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Hight, D. W., and S. Leroueil. 2003. “Characterization of soils for engineering purposes.” In Vol. 1 of Characterisation and engineering properties of natural soils, edited by T. S. Tan, K. K. Phoon, D. W. Hight, and S. Leroueil, 255–360. Lisse, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Houston, W. N. 1967. “Formation mechanisms and property interrelationships in sensitive clays.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Idriss, I. M., and R. W. Boulanger. 2008. Soil liquefaction during earthquakes. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Jamiolkowski, M., C. C. Ladd, J. T. Germaine, and R. Lancellotta. 1985. “New developments in field and laboratory testing of soils.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on SMFE, 57–153. London: Univ. of London.
Karlsrud, K., and F. G. Hernandez-Martinez. 2013. “Strength and deformation properties of Norwegian clays from laboratory tests on high-quality block samples.” Can. Geotech. J. 50 (12): 1273–1293. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0298.
Kulhawy, F. H., and P. W. Mayne. 1990. Manual on estimating soil properties for foundation design. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute.
Ladd, C. C., and D. J. DeGroot. 2003. “Recommended practice for soft ground site characterization: Arthur Cassagrande Lecture.” In Proc., 12th Panam. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Ladd, C. C., and T. W. Lambe. 1963. The strength of “undisturbed” clay determined from undrained tests. Cambridge, MA: Dept. of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Landon, M. M., D. J. DeGroot, and T. C. Sheahan. 2007. “Nondestructive sample quality assessment of a soft clay using shear wave velocity.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (4): 424–432. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:4(424).
Lukas, W. G., D. J. DeGroot, J. T. DeJong, C. P. Krage, and G. Zhang. 2018. “Undrained shear behavior of low-plasticity intermediate soils under simulated tube sampling disturbance.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., in press.
Lunne, T., T. Berre, K. Andresen, S. Strandvik, and M. Sjursen. 2006. “Effects of sample disturbance and consolidation procedures on measured shear strength of soft marine Norwegian clays.” Can. Geotech. J. 43 (7): 726–750. https://doi.org/10.1139/t06-040.
Lunne, T., T. Berre, and S. Strandvik. 1997. “Sample disturbance effects in soft low plastic Norwegian clay.” In Proc., Int. Symp. on Recent Developments in Soil and Pavement, 81–103. Leiden, Netherlands: A.A.Balkema.
Mesri, G., and T. W. Feng. 1992. “Constant rate of strain consolidation testing of soft clays.” In Proc., Marsal Volume, 49–59. Mexico City: Sociedad Mexicana de Mecanica de Suelos.
Mesri, G., and T. M. Hayat. 1993. “The coefficient of earth pressure at rest.” Can. Geotech. J. 30 (4): 647–666. https://doi.org/10.1139/t93-056.
Poirier, S. E., and D. J. DeGroot. 2010. “Development of a portable probe for field and laboratory measurement of low to medium values of soil suction.” Geotech. Testing J. 33 (3): 253–260.
Sancio, R. B. 2003. “Ground failure and building performance in Adapazari, Turkey.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Santagata, M. C., and J. T. Germaine. 2002. “Sampling disturbance effects in normally consolidated clays.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 128 (12): 997–1006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:12(997).
Schmertmann, J. H. 1955. “The undisturbed consolidation behavior of clay.” In From research to practice in geotechnical engineering. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Shogaki, T., and M. Kaneko. 1994. “Effects of sample disturbance on strength and consolidation parameters of soft clay.” Soil. Found. 34 (3): 1–10.
Shogaki, T., and M. Kaneko. 1994. “Effects of sample disturbance on strength and consolidation parameters of soft clay.” Soils Found. 34 (3): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.34.3_1.
Skempton, A. W., and V. A. Sowa. 1963. “The behaviour of saturated clays during sampling and testing.” Geotechnique 13 (4): 269–290. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1963.13.4.269.
Tanaka, H., F. Ritoh, and N. Omukai. 2002. “Quality of samples retrieved from great depth and its influence on consolidation properties.” Can. Geotech. J. 39 (6): 1288–1301. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-064.
Tanaka, H., P. Sharma, T. Tsuchida, and M. Tanaka. 1996. “Comparative study on sample quality using several types of samplers.” Soils Found. 36 (2): 57–68. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.36.2_57.
Terzaghi, K., R. Peck, and G. Mesri. 1996. Soil mechanics in engineering practice. New York: Wiley.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 144Issue 10October 2018

History

Received: Jun 22, 2017
Accepted: Apr 2, 2018
Published online: Aug 7, 2018
Published in print: Oct 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Jan 7, 2019

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Jason T. DeJong, M.ASCE [email protected]
Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, 2001 Ghausi Hall, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 (corresponding author). Email: [email protected]
Christopher P. Krage, M.ASCE [email protected]
Project Professional, GEI Consultants, Inc., 2868 Prospect Park Dr. Suite 310, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670. Email: [email protected]
Brian M. Albin [email protected]
Engineer, ARUP, 1759 35th Ave., San Francisco, CA 94122. Email: [email protected]
Don J. DeGroot, M.ASCE [email protected]
Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, 18 Marston Hall, Amherst, MA 01003. Email [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share