Revised Soil Classification System for Coarse-Fine Mixtures

Soil classification systems worldwide capture great physical insight and enable geotechnical engineers to anticipate the properties and behavior of soils by grouping them into similar response categories based on their index properties. Yet gravimetric analysis and data trends summarized from published papers reveal critical limitations in soil group boundaries adopted in current systems. In particular, current classification systems fail to capture the dominant role of fines on the mechanical and hydraulic properties of soils. A revised soil classification system (RSCS) for coarse-fine mixtures is proposed herein. Definitions of classification boundaries use low and high void ratios that gravel, sand, and fines may attain. This research adopts $e^{\max }$ and $e^{\min }$ for gravels and sands, and three distinctive void ratio values for fines: soft $e_F{|}^{10\mathrm{kPa}}$ and stiff $e_F{|}^{1\mathrm{MPa}}$ for mechanical response (at effective stress 10 kPa and 1 MPa, respectively), and viscous $\lambda ·e_F{|}^{\mathrm{LL}}$ for fluid flow control, where $\lambda =2\log (\mathrm{LL}-25)$ and $e_F{|}^{\mathrm{LL}}$ is the void ratio at the liquid limit. For classification purposes, these void ratios can be estimated from index properties such as particle shape, the coefficient of uniformity, and the liquid limit. Analytically computed and data-adjusted boundaries are soil-specific, in contrast with the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). Threshold fractions for mechanical control and for flow control are quite distinct in the proposed system. Therefore, the RSCS uses a two-name nomenclature whereby the first letters identify the component(s) that controls mechanical properties, followed by a letter (shown in parenthesis) that identifies the component that controls fluid flow. Sample charts in this paper and a Microsoft Excel facilitate the implementation of this revised classification system.