Nonisothermal Failure Envelopes of Strip Shallow Foundations Resting on Partially Saturated Clay Subjected to Combined Inclined and Eccentric Loadings
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 23, Issue 1
Abstract
Shallow foundations are commonly resting on partially saturated soil and are very likely to be exposed to severe variations of temperature. The degree of saturation and matric suction will be changed at the elevated temperatures, thus resulting in different hydromechanical behavior and a considerable variation in the imposed suction stress. In this study, the effect of temperature increase on the ultimate bearing capacity of strip shallow foundations resting on partially saturated clay layer subjected to vertical (V)–horizontal (H)–moment (M) combined loading is examined through a set of finite-element limit analyses (FELA) adopting lower bound theorems and second-order cone programming (SOCP). The unified effective stress for partially saturated soils is first incorporated into the soil yield function, considering the significant effect of temperature variations on suction stress by means of the well-established previously developed nonisothermal soil–water retention curve (SWRC) model. The equilibrium equations corresponding to the combined loading are also incorporated into the FELA formulations to account for the effects of inclined and eccentric loadings. Accordingly, the failure loci of obliquely and eccentrically loaded shallow foundations are presented for a wide range of temperatures. It is shown that with an increase of the temperature in the underlying unsaturated clay, the suction stress within the soil medium significantly rises, and thus, the failure wedges as well as the failure loci for both eccentric and inclined loadings substantially expand at elevated temperatures, revealing the considerably greater bearing capacity of the strip footing. The contact pressure beneath the foundation in all loading scenarios increases with an increase in the temperature of the underlying clay. This trend is much less pronounced at higher angles of load inclination, while it is barely affected by the load eccentricity. In addition, with an increase in the induced temperature and consequently the suction stress within the partially saturated clay beneath the foundation, the failure wedge expands, thereby resulting in an overall increase in the bearing capacity of the shallow foundation against vertical–horizontal–moment combined loading.
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Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- [A]
- matrix of linear constraints;
- Ae
- area of a triangular element;
- a, b
- constants related to the variation of surface tension with temperature;
- B
- foundation width;
- {b}
- vector of linear constraints;
- C
- coefficient of the general bearing capacity equation;
- C1
- constant related to the regression parameter;
- c
- cohesion;
- c′
- effective cohesion;
- e
- load eccentricity;
- F
- force;
- H
- horizontal load;
- Hw
- depth to the water table;
- h
- normalized horizontal bearing capacity;
- h0
- coefficient of the general bearing capacity equation;
- I
- identity matrix;
- k
- point of load application;
- M
- moment;
- m
- normalized moment bearing capacity;
- mVG
- fitting parameter of van Genuchten's SWRC model related to the overall geometry;
- m0
- coefficient of the general bearing capacity equation;
- Ni
- shape function;
- nVG
- fitting parameter of van Genuchten's SWRC model related to the pore size distribution;
- Q
- applied load;
- cone quadratic (second-order) constraint;
- R
- failure index;
- S
- foundation surface area;
- Se
- effective degree of saturation;
- T
- temperature;
- Tr
- reference temperature;
- ua
- Pore-air pressure;
- uw
- Pore-water pressure;
- V
- vertical load;
- Vmax
- ultimate vertical bearing capacity;
- v
- normalized vertical bearing capacity;
- x, y
- Cartesian coordinates;
- z
- nodal auxiliary variable;
- α
- angle of load inclination;
- αe
- angle of major principal stress direction with respect to the horizontal axis;
- αs−l
- contact angle;
- αVG
- fitting parameter of van Genuchten's SWRC model related to the inverse of air entry value;
- β
- regression parameter;
- regression parameter at the reference temperature;
- γ
- soil unit weight;
- γe
- unit weight of a triangular element;
- γw
- water unit weight;
- δ
- soil–foundation interface friction angle;
- Δh
- enthalpy of immersion per unit area;
- ηi, ςi, ςi
- shape function coefficients;
- θ
- volumetric water contents;
- θr, θs
- residual and saturated volumetric water contents, respectively;
- σ
- total stress;
- σ′
- effective normal stress;
- σn
- total normal stress;
- σs
- suction stress;
- τ
- Shear stress;
- φ
- internal friction angle;
- χ
- effective stress parameter;
- ψ
- matric suction (capillary pressure)/dilation angle; and
- matric suction (capillary pressure) at the reference temperature.
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Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 23 • Issue 1 • January 2023
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 17, 2021
Accepted: Jul 1, 2022
Published online: Nov 3, 2022
Published in print: Jan 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Apr 3, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Analysis (by type)
- Engineering fundamentals
- Failure analysis
- Foundation design
- Foundations
- Geomechanics
- Geotechnical engineering
- Load bearing capacity
- Measurement (by type)
- Saturated soils
- Shallow foundations
- Soft soils
- Soil dynamics
- Soil mechanics
- Soil properties
- Soil stress
- Soil suction
- Soils (by type)
- Stress (by type)
- Structural analysis
- Structural engineering
- Temperature effects
- Temperature measurement
- Thermal loads
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- Hessam Fathipour, Meghdad Payan, Seismic Bearing Capacity of Eccentrically and Obliquely Loaded Strip Footings on Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil, International Journal of Geomechanics, 10.1061/IJGNAI.GMENG-8316, 23, 6, (2023).