A Coupled Effect of Eccentric Loading and Upward Seepage on Collapse Settlement of Strip Footings on Reinforced Sand
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 24, Issue 8
Abstract
Water table elevation leads to saturation of the soil surrounding the foundation. Saturated soil loses its load-bearing capacity due to suction reduction, becoming less stable and more prone to settling. This phenomenon can result in differential settlement, leading to uneven stress distribution on the structure. Over the last few years, substantial research efforts have been dedicated to analyzing the bearing capacity of saturated reinforced sand when subjected to loading at the foundation center, with limited attention given to unsaturated reinforced sand under eccentric loading. Eccentric loading can also result in additional stresses and moments that need to be considered in the design of the foundation to ensure its long-term integrity and functionality, especially when subjected to wetting conditions. Hence, this study investigated this aspect experimentally and numerically using the discrete element method (DEM) to uncover the intricate interactions between soil-reinforcement conditions, applied stress, and wetting-induced settlement. The results reveal that the geosynthetic reinforcement influences the extent of collapse settlement. While the reinforcement reduces collapse settlement, the enhancement is particularly notable when subjected to eccentric loadings. For both semisaturated and fully saturated conditions, the bearing capacity ratio (BCR) not only increases with the number of geosynthetic layers but also exhibits a higher rate for fully saturated sand than for the dry and semisaturated states. Unlike unreinforced sand where load eccentricity increases collapse settlement and differential settlement, reinforced sand experiences reduced settlement as load eccentricity increases. Finally, an empirical relationship by assessing the effect of the interface between the soil and the reinforcement layer was derived from regression analyses to predict the eccentric bearing capacity of strip footing under conditions of upward seepage.
Practical Applications
Alterations in pore-water pressure can influence the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. When the ground beneath a foundation reaches complete saturation, the in situ stresses that usually act as confining pressure experience an abrupt decrease. This phenomenon can induce additional settlements, which is very critical in foundation design applications, especially for foundations with eccentric loading, e.g., foundations subjected to wind load. Many shallow foundations are rested on deposits in coastal regions and along riverbanks. The failure due to the accumulation of pore-water pressure occurs when the shear stress applied by the superstructure surpasses the shear strength of the compromised soil. However, in cases where failure does not emerge, there remain issues related to serviceability and the potential for excessive settlement. This research demonstrates that the geosynthetic layers not only enhance the bearing capacity of strip footing but also show a greater improvement for eccentrically loadings in fully saturated sand compared to dry and semisaturated states.
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Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Notations
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- A
- footing area;
- B
- regression parameter;
- c
- cohesive strengths;
- d
- depth of the reinforcement zone;
- e
- load eccentricity;
- E
- modulus of elasticity;
- E0
- initial modulus of elasticity;
- Es
- standard error;
- fint
- interface coefficient;
- G
- shear modulus of soil;
- g
- gravity acceleration;
- h
- vertical spacing between layers;
- ith
- number of geosynthetic layers;
- k
- model parameter;
- k′
- partial regression coefficient;
- Kern
- maximum boundary of eccentricity for zero vertical displacement on the soil surface;
- kn
- normal stiffness;
- kn1…3
- piecewise of stiffnesses;
- ks
- shear stiffness;
- L
- length of the reinforcement;
- M
- moment;
- m
- number of linear parts;
- m
- partial regression coefficient;
- n
- cycling step;
- Point A
- dry condition;
- Point B
- semisaturated condition;
- Point C
- fully saturated condition;
- q
- load per unit area;
- Q
- vertical load;
- Q0
- bearing capacity for the unreinforced state under identical moisture conditions;
- qu(concentric)
- ultimate load of the reinforced foundation in concentric loading;
- qu(eccentric)
- ultimate load of the reinforced foundation in eccentric loading;
- qu
- ultimate loads of the unreinforced sand footing;
- qu(R)
- ultimate loads of the reinforced sand footing;
- R2
- coefficient of determination;
- Rk
- reduction factor;
- s
- footing settlement;
- T
- scale factor;
- ts
- time step;
- u
- depth of the first layer;
- un
- normal displacement;
- v
- tensile rates;
- x
- horizontal distance from the footing center;
- z
- depth of the geosynthetic layer;
- α
- homogeneous angle;
- α′
- partial regression coefficient;
- αgeosynthetic
- proportion of grid area to the total area of the geosynthetic layer;
- β
- constant factors;
- β′
- constant factors;
- δ
- vertical displacement on the soil surface;
- ΔqT
- tensile strength of the geosynthetic layers;
- ɛ
- average strain in geosynthetic layers;
- ɛavg
- average strain in the geosynthetic layer at ultimate load;
- κ
- constant;
- λ
- friction angle of the sand–reinforcement interaction;
- π
- independent parameter;
- σn
- effective normal stress;
- τs
- shear stress;
- ϕ′
- effective internal friction angle; and
- ϕ
- friction angle.
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Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 24 • Issue 8 • August 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 20, 2023
Accepted: Feb 13, 2024
Published online: Jun 4, 2024
Published in print: Aug 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Nov 4, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Differential settlement
- Eccentric loads
- Engineering mechanics
- Failure loads
- Foundation design
- Foundation settlement
- Foundations
- Geomechanics
- Geotechnical engineering
- Load bearing capacity
- Saturated soils
- Soft soils
- Soil dynamics
- Soil mechanics
- Soil settlement
- Soil stabilization
- Soils (by type)
- Static loads
- Statics (mechanics)
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