Technical Papers
Dec 20, 2019

New Algorithm for Simulating Grout Diffusion and Migration in Fractured Rock Masses

Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20, Issue 3

Abstract

It is of crucial importance to develop an efficient numerical method to investigate the mechanism of grout diffusion and migration in fractured rock masses. However, most existing models only concentrate on the grout flow in a single fracture and most existing algorithms for large-scale fracture networks have high computational cost. A new dynamic diffusion and migration algorithm for grout was proposed and applied to the two-dimensional fracture network in this paper. Based on the geometric relationship between the fracture network nodes, an effective and feasible generation method of the connectivity matrix was proposed to realize the digitization of the topological structure of the fracture network. Finally, the Fracture Networks Grouting Diffusion Program (FNGDP) was developed to visualize the entire process of grout diffusion and migration in fracture networks. Compared with other algorithms, the proposed algorithm can realistically simulate the grouting process and greatly reduce computing time.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 51774267 and 41807250, the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS of China under Grant No. 2017377, the National Key Basic Research Program of China under Grant Nos. 2015CB058102 and 2014CB046903, and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Program under Grant Nos. 2019T120686 and 2017M622515. The anonymous reviewers are deeply acknowledged for reviewing this article and giving their valuable comments.

References

Bodin, J., G. Porel, F. Delay, F. Ubertosi, S. Bernard, and J. Dreuzy. 2007. “Simulation and analysis of solute transport in 2D fracture/pipe networks: The SOLFRAC program.” J. Contam. Hydrol. 89 (1): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.07.005.
Bogatkov, D., and T. Babadagli. 2010. “Fracture network modeling conditioned to pressure transient and tracer test dynamic data.” J. Petrol Sci. Eng. 75 (1–2): 154–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2010.11.004.
Cao, P., H. Q. Jia, T. Y. Liu, C. Z. Pu, and X. Fan. 2011. “Fractal analysis of three-dimensional topography characteristics of rock joint surface.” [In Chinese.] Supplement, Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng. 30 (S2): 3839–3843.
Chen, C. I., and Y. T. Yang. 2004. “Unsteady unidirectional flow of Bingham fluid between parallel plates with different given volume flow rate conditions.” Appl. Math. Modell. 28 (8): 697–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2003.12.004.
Chen, T. L., L. Y. Zhang, and D. L. Zhang. 2014. “An FEM/VOF hybrid formulation for fracture grouting modelling.” Comput. Geotech. 58 (58): 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.02.002.
Dowd, P. A., J. A. Martin, C. Xu, R. J. Fowell, and K. V. Mardia. 2009. “A three-dimensional fracture network data set for a block of granite.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. 46 (5): 811–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.02.001.
Funehag, J., and G. Gustafson. 2008. “Design of grouting with silica sol in hard rock—New methods for calculation of penetration length, Part I.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 23 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2006.12.005.
Funehag, J., and J. Thörn. 2018. “Radial penetration of cementitious grout—Laboratory verification of grout spread in a fracture model.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 72 (Feb): 228–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.11.020.
Gothäll, R., and H. Stille. 2009. “Fracture dilation during grouting.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 24 (2): 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2008.05.004.
Guo, L., X. W. Hu, L. Z. Wu, X. Z. Li, and H. S. Ma. 2018. “Simulation of fluid flow in fractured rocks based on the discrete fracture network model optimized by measured information.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (10): 05018008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001270.
Gustafson, G., J. Ciaesson, and F. Åsa. 2013. “Steering parameters for rock grouting.” J. Appl. Math. 2013: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/269594.
Hässler, L. 1991. “Grouting of rock: Simulation and classification.” Ph.D. thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
Hässler, L., U. Hakansson, and H. Stille. 1992. “Computer-simulated flow of grouts in jointed rock.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 7 (4): 441–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(92)90074-R.
Ioannis, M., C. Dimitrios, and K. P. Basil. 2015. “Penetrability of microfine cement grouts: Experimental investigation and fuzzy regression modeling.” Can Geotech. J. 52 (7): 868–882. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0297.
Kim, H. M., J. W. Lee, M. Yazdani, E. Tohidi, H. R. Nejati, and E. S. Park. 2017. “Coupled viscous fluid flow and joint deformation analysis for grout injection in a rock joint.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 51 (2): 627–638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1339-3.
Leung, C. T. O., and R. W. Zimmerman. 2012. “Estimating the hydraulic conductivity of two-dimensional fracture networks using network geometric properties.” Transp. Porous Media 93 (3): 777–797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-012-9982-3.
Li, P., Q. S. Zhang, X. Zhang, S. C. Li, X. H. Li, and J. X. Zuo. 2016a. “Grouting diffusion characteristics in faults considering the interaction of multiple grouting.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (5): 04016117. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000815.
Li, S. C., H. L. Liu, L. P. Li, Q. B. Zhang, and K. Wang. 2016b. “Large scale three-dimensional seepage analysis model test and numerical simulation research on undersea tunnel.” Appl. Ocean Res. 59 (Sep): 510–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2016.07.013.
Li, S. C., X. Zhang, Q. S. Zhang, Q. S. Zhang, K. G. Sun, Y. Xu, W. J. Zhang, H. Y. Li, R. T. Liu, and P. Li. 2011. “Research on mechanism of grout diffusion of dynamic grouting and plugging method in water inrush of underground engineering.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng. 30 (12): 2377–2396.
Lim, R. K., J. W. Pro, M. R. Begley, M. Utz, and L. R. Petzold. 2015. “High-performance simulation of fracture in idealized ‘brick and mortar’ composites using adaptive Monte Carlo minimization on the GPU.” Int. J. High Perform. Comput. Appl. 30 (2): 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342015593395.
Liu, K. F., and C. Mei. 2006. “Slow spreading of a sheet of Bingham fluid on an inclined plane.” J. Fluid Mech. 207: 505–529. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112089002685.
Liu, Q. S., C. B. Lu, B. Liu, and X. W. Liu. 2014. “Research on the grouting diffusion mechanism and its application of grouting reinforcement in deep roadway.” [In Chinese.] J. Min. Saf. Eng. 31 (3): 333–339.
Long, J., J. Remer, C. Wilson, J. S. Remer, and P. A. Witherspoon. 1982. “Porous media equivalents for networks of discontinuous fractures.” Water. Res. 18 (3): 645–658. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i003p00645.
Mohajerani, S., A. Baghbanan, G. Wang, and S. F. Forouhandeh. 2017. “An efficient algorithm for simulating grout propagation in 2D discrete fracture networks.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. 98: 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.07.015.
Nadimi, S., and K. Shahriar. 2014. “Experimental creep tests and prediction of long-term creep behavior of grouting material.” Arabian J. Geosci. 7 (8): 3251–3257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-0920-7.
Puay, H. T., and T. Hosoda. 2016. “Mathematical modeling of the injection of grout into a horizontal slot.” Int. J. Geomech. 16 (4): 06015011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000566.
Rafiee, A., and M. Vinches. 2008. “Application of geostatistical characteristics of rock mass fracture systems in 3D model generation.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. 45 (4): 644–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.09.009.
Rahmani, H. 2009. “Estimation of grout distribution in a fractured rock by numerical modeling.” Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia.
Seo, H. J., H. Choi, and I. M. Lee. 2016. “Numerical and experimental investigation of pillar reinforcement with pressurized grouting and pre-stress.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 54 (Apr): 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.10.018.
Sitharam, T. G., V. B. Maji, and A. K. Verma. 2007. “Practical equivalent continuum model for simulation of jointed rock mass using FLAC3D.” Int. J. Geomech. 7 (5): 389–395. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2007)7:5(389).
Sui, W. H., J. Y. Liu, W. Hu, J. F. Qi, and K. Y. Zhan. 2015. “Experimental investigation on sealing efficiency of chemical grouting in rock fracture with flowing water.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 50: 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.07.012.
Sun, F., R. Pan, X. Y. Zhu, and T. L. Chen. 2014. “Meso-mechanical simulation of fracture grouting under fluid-solid coupling environment and engineering applications.” Appl. Mech. Mater. 477–478: 485–491.
Tani, M. E. 2012. “Grouting rock fractures with cement grout.” Rock Eng. 45 (4): 547–561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0235-0.
Tóth, T. M. 2010. “Determination of geometric parameters of fracture networks using 1D data.” J. Struct. Geol. 32 (7): 878–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2009.04.006.
Ubertosi, F., F. Delay, J. Bodin, and G. Porel. 2007. “A new method for generating a pipe network to handle channeled flow in fractured rocks.” C.R. Geosci. 339 (10): 682–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2007.07.013.
Usmani, A., G. Kannan, A. Nanda, and S. K. Jain. 2015. “Seepage behavior and grouting effects for large rock caverns.” Int. J. Geomech. 15 (3): 06014023. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000449.
Verma, A. K., M. S. Saini, T. N. Singh, A. Dutt, and R. K. Bajpai. 2013. “Effect of excavation stages on stress and pore pressure changes for an underground nuclear repository.” Arabian J. Geosci. 6 (3): 635–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-011-0382-8.
Verma, A. K., and T. N. Singh. 2010a. “Assessment of tunnel instability—A numerical approach.” Arabian J. Geosci. 3 (2): 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-009-0066-9.
Verma, A. K., and T. N. Singh. 2010b. “Modeling of a jointed rock mass under triaxial conditions.” Arabian J. Geosci. 3 (1): 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-009-0063-z.
Wang, F. T., C. Zhang, S. F. Wei, S. F. Wei, X. G. Zhang, and S. H. Guo. 2016. “Whole section anchor–grouting reinforcement technology and its application in underground roadways with loose and fractured surrounding rock.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 51 (Jan): 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.10.029.
Wang, S. Y., D. H. Chan, K. C. Lam, and S. K. A. Au. 2010. “Numerical and experimental studies of pressure-controlled cavity expansion in completely decomposed granite soils of Hong Kong.” Comput. Geotech. 37 (7–8): 977–990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2010.08.006.
Wisser, C., C. E. Augarde, and H. J. Burd. 2005. “Numerical modelling of compensation grouting above shallow tunnels.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 29 (5): 443–471. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.421.
Wu, W., and Z. Wang. 2015. “Numerical simulation study on grouting pressure and borehole sealing depth of borehole sealing.” [In Chinese.] Coal Sci. Technol. 43 (11): 68–72.
Wu, Y. X. 2010. Modelling rough joint network and study on hydro-mechanical behavior of fractured rock mass. [In Chinese.] Wuhan, China: Graduate School of Academy of Sciences.
Xu, C., and P. Dowd. 2010. “A new computer code for discrete fracture network modelling.” Comput. Geosci. 36 (3): 292–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2009.05.012.
Yesilnacar, M. I. 2003. “Grouting applications in the Sanliurfa tunnels of GAP, Turkey.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 18 (4): 321–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00103-7.
Yue, P., D. Zhong, F. Yan, H. Wu, and Y. C. Zhang. 2017. “3-D fracture network modelling in hydropower engineering based on optimal Monte Carlo simulation.” Trans. Tianjin Univ. 23 (4): 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12209-017-0060-3.
Zhang, M., X. H. Wang, and Y. Wang. 2012. “Numerical evaluation of uplifting effect for upper structure by grouting.” J. Cent. South Univ. 19 (2): 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-012-1039-9.
Zhang, W. J., S. C. Li, J. C. Wei, Q. S. Zhang, X. Zhang, Z. P. Li, and D. L. Xie. 2016. “Development of a 3D grouting model test system and its application.” [In Chinese.] Rock Soil Mech. 37 (3): 902–911.
Zheng, Z., R. Liu, S. Li, and Q. S. Zhang. 2018. “Numerical modeling and verification of grouting with mold bag treatment on seepage failure in foundation excavation.” Geomatics, Nat. Hazards Risk 9 (1): 1172–1185. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2018.1496484.
Zhou, L., K. Su, H. G. Wu, and C. Z. Shi. 2018. “Numerical investigation of grouting of rock mass with fracture propagation using cohesive finite elements.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (7): 04018075. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001184.
Zhu, D. Y., and Q. T. Zhang. 2012. “Silt embankment reinforced by sleeve valve barrel fracturing grouting.” Appl. Mech. Mater. 178–181: 1209–1212. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.178-181.1209.
Zhu, Z. Q., Y. Q. Liu, F. H. Zeng, and D. G. Qing. 2009. “Effective grouting area of jointed slope and stress deformation responses by numerical analysis with FLAC3D.” J. Coal Sci. Eng. 15 (4): 404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12404-009-0412-2.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to International Journal of Geomechanics
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20Issue 3March 2020

History

Received: Jan 18, 2019
Accepted: May 23, 2019
Published online: Dec 20, 2019
Published in print: Mar 1, 2020
Discussion open until: May 20, 2020

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Bin Liu
Associate Professor, State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
Ph.D. Candidate, State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; Univ. of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3959-3187. Email: [email protected]
Quansheng Liu
Professor, Key Laboratory of Safety for Geotechnical and Structural Engineering of Hubei Province, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan Univ., Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
Yongshui Kang
Associate Professor, State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
Associate Professor, Key Laboratory of Safety for Geotechnical and Structural Engineering of Hubei Province, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan Univ., Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1807-9493
Chaobo Lu
Engineer, Guangxi Transportation Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, China.
Chuanqing Zhang
Professor, State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share