Field Investigation and Prediction of Responses of Far-Field Ground and Groundwater to Pumping Artesian Water in Deep Excavations
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 18, Issue 10
Abstract
Pumping artesian water is mandatory in deep excavation above a shallow confined aquifer with a high piezometric head. In this study, a comprehensive monitoring program is performed to investigate the responses of far-field ground and groundwater to the pumping of artesian water in deep excavations. The artesian water level was monitored by observation wells, and the pore pressures along the depth were monitored by a cluster of vibrating wire piezometers. The ground surface settlement and subsurface settlement were surveyed by level instruments and multiple position extensometers, respectively. These measured data are analyzed comprehensively and thoroughly. Moreover, a simplified prediction method of far-field groundwater drawdown and ground surface settlements induced by dewatering is proposed. Results indicate that the response of artesian water levels is closely related to the discharge and recharge flow. Because of the vertical drainage, the pore pressures in the lower portion of the aquitard above the confined aquifer decrease slightly during the dewatering process. However, the pore pressures in poorly conductive soils barely increase during the short dated recharge. The developments of the ground surface settlements are consistent with the artesian water level. The ground surface beyond 4He settled significantly after dewatering, and the influence zone of dewatering on ground surface settlements extended to 10He, where He represents the final excavation depth. The measured data reveal that dewatering in the confined aquifer resulted in the compression of all soil layers. The comparison between predicted results and the monitoring data confirms the practicability of the proposed method.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC Grants 41602283, 41472250, 41330633, and 41727802) is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Basack, S., A. K. Bhattacharya, and P. Maity. 2014. “A coastal groundwater management model with Indian case study.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng, Water Manage. 167 (3): 126–140. https://doi.org/10.1680/wama.12.00008.
Burbey, T. J. 2006. “Three-dimensional deformation and strain induced by municipal pumping. Part 2: Numerical analysis.” J. Hydrol. 330 (3–4): 422–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.03.035.
Burbey, T. J., S. M. Warner, G. Blewitt, J. W. Bell, and E. Hill. 2006. “Three-dimensional deformation and strain induced by municipal pumping. Part 1: Analysis of field data.” J. Hydrol. 319 (1–4): 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.06.028.
Chen, J., W. Zhang, and J. Wang. 2017. “Data fusion analysis method for assessment on safety monitoring results of deep excavations.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 30 (2): B4015005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000593.
Chen, J., L. Zhang, J. Zhang, Y. Zhu, and J. Wang. 2013. “Field tests, modification, and application of deep soil mixing method in soft clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (1): 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000746.
Chen, J., Y. Zhu, M. Li, and S. Wen. 2015. “Novel excavation and construction method of an underground highway tunnel above operating metro tunnels.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 28 (6): A4014003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000437.
Chen, J. J., H. Lei, and J. H. Wang. 2014. “Numerical analysis of the installation effect of diaphragm walls in saturated soft clay.” Acta Geotech. 9 (6): 981–991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-013-0284-x.
Clough, G. W., and T. D. O’Rourke. 1990. “Construction induced movements of in-situ walls.” In Design and performance of earth retaining structures, Geotechnical Special Publication 25, 439–470. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Conway, B. D. 2016. “Land subsidence and earth fissures in south-central and southern Arizona, USA.” Hydrogeol. J. 24 (3): 649–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1329-z.
de Lyra Nogueira, C., R. de Azevedo, and J. Zornberg. 2009. “Coupled analyses of excavations in saturated soil.” Int. J. Geomech. 9 (2): 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2009)9:2(73).
de Lyra Nogueira, C., R. de Azevedo, and J. Zornberg. 2011. “Validation of coupled simulation of excavations in saturated clay: Camboinhas case history.” Int. J. Geomech. 11 (3): 202–210. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000077.
Forth, R. A. 2004. “Groundwater and geotechnical aspects of deep excavations in Hong Kong.” Eng. Geol. 72 (3–4): 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2003.09.003.
Hsieh, P. G., and C. Y. Ou. 1998. “Shape of ground surface settlement profiles caused by excavation.” Can. Geotech. J. 35 (6): 1004–1017. https://doi.org/10.1139/t98-056.
Hsieh, Y., P. Dang, and H. Lin. 2017. “How small strain stiffness and yield surface affect undrained excavation predictions.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (3): 04016071. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000753.
Huang, X., H. Schweiger, and H. Huang. 2013. “Influence of deep excavations on nearby existing tunnels.” Int. J. Geomech. 13 (2): 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000188.
Kung, G., C. Juang, E. C. Hsiao, and Y. Hashash. 2007. “Simplified model for wall deflection and ground-surface settlement caused by braced excavation in clays.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (6): 731–747. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:6(731).
Li, M., J. Chen, A. Xu, X. Xia, and J. Wang. 2014. “Case study of innovative top-down construction method with channel-type excavation.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 140 (5): 05014003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000828.
Li, M., J. Wang, J. Chen, and Z. Zhang. 2017a. “Responses of a newly built metro line connected to deep excavations in soft clay.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 31 (6): 04017096. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001091.
Li, M. G., J. J. Chen, J. H. Wang, and Y. F. Zhu. 2018. “Comparative study of construction methods for deep excavations above shield tunnels.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 71 (Jan): 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.09.014.
Li, M. G., Z. J. Zhang, J. J. Chen, J. H. Wang, and A. J. Xu. 2017b. “Zoned and staged construction of an underground complex in Shanghai soft clay.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 67 (Aug): 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.04.016.
Mahesha, A. 2009. “Conceptual model for the safe withdrawal of freshwater from coastal aquifers.” J. Environ. Eng. 135 (10): 980–988. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000081.
Pacheco-Martínez, J., M. Hernandez-Marín, T. J. Burbey, N. González-Cervantes, J. A. Ortíz-Lozano, M. E. Zermeño-De-Leon, and A. Solís-Pinto. 2013. “Land subsidence and ground failure associated to groundwater exploitation in the Aguascalientes Valley, México.” Eng. Geol. 164 (Sep): 172–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.06.015.
Peck, R. B. 1969. “Deep excavation and tunneling in soft ground. State-of-the-art-report.” In Proc., 7th Int. Conf. of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 225–281. Mexico City: International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE).
Preene, M. 2013. Groundwater lowering in construction: A practical guide to dewatering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Pujades, E., A. Jurado, J. Carrera, E. Vázquez-Suñé, and A. Dassargues. 2016. “Hydrogeological assessment of non-linear underground enclosures.” Eng. Geol. 207 (Jun): 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.04.012.
Pujades, E., S. D. Simone, J. Carrera, E. Vázquez-Suñé, and A. Jurado. 2017. “Settlements around pumping wells: Analysis of influential factors and a simple calculation procedure.” J. Hydrol. 548: 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.02.040.
Pujades, E., E. Vázquez-Suñé, J. Carrera, and A. Jurado. 2014a. “Dewatering of a deep excavation undertaken in a layered soil.” Eng. Geol. 178 (Aug): 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.06.007.
Pujades, E., E. Vázquez-Suñé, J. Carrera, V. Vilarrasa, S. De Simone, A. Jurado, A. Ledesma, G. Ramos, and A. Lloret. 2014b. “Deep enclosures versus pumping to reduce settlements during shaft excavations.” Eng. Geol. 169 (4): 100–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.11.017.
Roy, D., and K. E. Robinson. 2009. “Surface settlements at a soft soil site due to bedrock dewatering.” Eng. Geol. 107 (3–4): 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.05.006.
Shen, S. L., Y. X. Wu, Y. S. Xu, T. Hino, and H. N. Wu. 2015. “Evaluation of hydraulic parameters from pumping tests in multi-aquifers with vertical leakage in Tianjin.” Comput. Geotech. 68 (Jul): 196–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.03.011.
Shen, S. L., and Y. S. Xu. 2011. “Numerical evaluation of land subsidence induced by groundwater pumping in Shanghai.” Can. Geotech. J. 48 (9): 1378–1392. https://doi.org/10.1139/t11-049.
Tan, Y., and D. Wang. 2013a. “Characteristics of a large-scale deep foundation pit excavated by the central-island technique in Shanghai soft clay. I: Bottom-up construction of the central cylindrical shaft.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (11): 1875–1893. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000928.
Tan, Y., and D. Wang. 2013b. “Characteristics of a large-scale deep foundation pit excavated by the central-island technique in Shanghai soft clay. II: Top-down construction of the peripheral rectangular pit.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (11): 1894–1910. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000929.
Tan, Y. P., J. Chen, and J. Wang. 2015. “Practical investigation into two types of analyses in predicting ground displacements due to dewatering and excavation.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 28 (6): A4014001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000431.
Vilarrasa, V., J. Carrera, A. Jurado, E. Pujades, and E. Vázquez-Suné. 2011. “A methodology for characterizing the hydraulic effectiveness of an annular low-permeability barrier.” Eng. Geol. 120 (1–4): 68–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.04.005.
Wang, J., J. Chen, and P. Qiao. 2015. “Special Issue on urban underground space development technologies.” J. Aerosp. Eng. A2015001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000525.
Wang, J., Z. Xu, and W. Wang. 2010. “Wall and ground movements due to deep excavations in Shanghai soft soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (7): 985–994. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000299.
Wang, J. X., B. Feng, T. Guo, L. G. Wu, R. X. Lou, and Z. Zhou. 2013a. “Using partial penetrating wells and curtains to lower the water level of confined aquifer of gravel.” Eng. Geol. 161 (Jul): 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.04.007.
Wang, J. X., T. R. Huang, and D. C. Sui. 2013b. “A case study on stratified settlement and rebound characteristics due to dewatering in shanghai subway station.” Sci. World J. 2013: 213070. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/213070.
Wu, Y. X., S. L. Shen, Z. Y. Yin, and Y. S. Xu. 2015. “Characteristics of groundwater seepage with cut-off wall in gravel aquifer. II: Numerical analysis.” Can. Geotech. J. 52 (10): 1539–1549. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0289.
Zhang, H., J. Chen, F. Fan, and J. Wang. 2017a. “Deformation monitoring and performance analysis on the shield tunnel influenced by adjacent deep excavations.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 30 (2): B4015002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000574.
Zhang, Y. Q., M. G. Li, J. H. Wang, J. J. Chen, and Y. F. Zhu. 2017b. “Field tests of pumping-recharge technology for deep confined aquifers and its application to a deep excavation.” Eng. Geol. 228 (Oct): 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.08.019.
Zhang, Y. Q., J. H. Wang, J. J. Chen, and M. G. Li. 2017c. “Numerical study on the responses of groundwater and strata to pumping and recharge in a deep confined aquifer.” J. Hydrol. 548 (May): 342–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.018.
Zhou, X. J., and T. J. Burbey. 2014. “Deformation characteristics of a clayey interbed during fluid injection.” Eng. Geol. 183 (Dec): 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.10.001.
Zhu, Y., Y. Huang, Y. Tan, and J. Chen. 2015. “Stratified settlement characteristics of the soil strata in shanghai due to dewatering.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 28 (6): A4014005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000453.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 18 • Issue 10 • October 2018
Copyright
© 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 15, 2017
Accepted: Apr 11, 2018
Published online: Aug 2, 2018
Published in print: Oct 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Jan 2, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.