Cost Assessment of a District Heating System in Northern Japan Using a Geographic Information–Based Mixed Integer Linear Programming Model
Publication: Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 3
Abstract
This paper presents a geographic information-based mixed integer linear programming model for a district heating system design. The model minimizes the annualized investment and operation costs of the system, with the key results showing the optimal distribution network structure and optimal capacity and dispatch of heat plants. A network topology of nodes and edges, providing accurate geographic representation of the district, is generated using a geographic information system and acts as a constraint. A case study is conducted for a district in Hirosaki city, located in the northernmost prefecture of mainland Japan. The results demonstrate the considerable economic benefits of integrating locally available woodchips in heat-only boilers instead of using city gas due to lower fuel costs. Low temperature operation reduces the fuel costs due to less network heat loss compared to medium temperature operation, but it is overcome by the cost of the larger pipe size and the pumping power. Implementation of the district heating system to the case area encourages sustainable development through economic favorability, decreased primary energy consumption, and considerable emissions reduction, compared to the current heat supply structure.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
ArcGIS version 10.1 [Computer software]. ESRI, Redlands, CA.
Ahmed, A., and Mancarella, P. (2014). “Strategic techno-economic assessment of heat network options for distributed energy systems in the U.K.” Energy, 75(1), 182–193.
Ashina, S., and Nakata, T. (2008). “Energy-efficiency strategy for emissions in a residential sector in Japan.” Appl. Energy, 85(2–3), 101–114.
Baldvinsson, I., and Nakata, T. (2014). “A comparative exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of a residential heat supply system paradigm of Japan and local source based district heating system using SPECO (specific exergy cost) method.” Energy, 74(1), 537–554.
Bejan, A., Tsatsaronis, G., and Moran, M. (1996). Thermal design and optimization, Wiley, New York.
BPIE (Buildings Performance Institute Europe). (2011). “Europe’s buildings under the microscope: A country-by-country review of the energy performance of buildings.” Brussels, Belgium.
Chen, Q., et al. (2012). “Condensing boiler applications in the process industry.” Appl. Energy, 89(1), 30–36.
CPLEX version 12.6 [Computer software]. IBM, New York.
Dalla Rosa, A., Boulter, R., Church, K., and Svendsen, S. (2012). “District heating (DH) network design and operation toward a system-wide methodology for optimizing renewable energy solutions (SMORES) in Canada: A case study.” Energy, 45(1), 960–974.
Dalla Rosa, A., Li, H., and Svendsen, S. (2011). “Method for optimal design of pipes for low-energy district heating, with focus on heat losses.” Energy, 36(5), 2407–2418.
Dorfner, J., and Hamacher, T. (2014). “Large-scale district heating network optimization.” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 5(4), 1884–1891.
Energinet.dk. (2012). “Technology data for energy plants.” Copenhagen, Denmark.
EUROHEAT and POWER. (2013). “District heating and cooling—Country by country 2013 survey.” Brussels, Belgium.
Evans, M., Shui, B., and Takagi, T. (2009). “Country report on building energy codes in Japan.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, DC.
Fujitsu Research Institute. (2010). “Report on practical introduction of wood based biomass boiler.” Tokyo (in Japanese).
GAMS version 24.4.6 [Computer software]. GAMS Development Corporation, Washington, DC.
Haikarainen, C., Pettersson, F., and Saxén, H. (2014). “A model for structural and operational optimization of distributed energy systems.” Appl. Therm. Eng., 70(1), 211–218.
Hepbasli, A. (2012). “Low exergy (LowEx) heating and cooling systems for sustainable buildings and societies.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 16(1), 73–104.
Ishii, S., Tabushi, S., Aramaki, T., and Hanaki, K. (2010). “Impact of future urban form on the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from residential, commercial and public buildings in Utsunomiya, Japan.” Energy Policy, 38(9), 4888–4896.
Japan District Heating and Cooling Association. (2013). District heating and cooling technology handbook (in Japanese), Tokyo.
Japan Sustainable Building Consortium. (2013). Database for energy consumption of commercial buildings (in Japanese), Tokyo.
Keppo, I., and Savola, T. (2007). “Economic appraisal of small biofuel fired CHP plants.” Energy Convers. Manage., 48(4), 1212–1221.
Kondo, K. (2009). “Energy and exergy utilization efficiencies in the Japanese residential/commercial sectors.” Energy Policy, 37(9), 3475–3483.
Korsman, H., De Boer, S., and Smits, I. (2005). “Cost benefits and long term behaviour of a new all plastic piping system.”, International Energy Agency, Paris.
Lund, H., et al. (2014). “4th generation district heating (4GDH).” Energy, 68(1), 1–11.
Mehleri, E. D., Sarimveis, H., Markatos, N. C., and Papageorgiou, L. G. (2012). “A mathematical programming approach for optimal design of distributed energy systems at the neighbourhood level.” Energy, 44(1), 96–104.
MESCO. (2014). “Pipe technical data.” Tokyo (in Japanese).
Mitsubishi Materials Techno. (2011). “The survey of promotion for development of geothermal energy.”, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Tokyo (in Japanese).
Mori, S., Ito, J., Ishida, T., and Morimoto, S. (2006). “A GIS-based model for the assessment of energy and environmental contributions of distributed energy systems.” EnviroInfo 2006—Managing Environmental Knowledge, Shaker, Aachen, Germany, 107–114.
Mori, S., Koike, S., and Ishida, T. (2007). “An analysis of regional energy demand and an assessment of potential emission reduction in Japan using GIS.” Environmental Informatics and Systems Research, Shaker, Aachen, Germany, 459–463.
Nesheiwat, J., and Cross, J. S. (2013). “Japan’s post-Fukushima reconstruction: A case study for implementation of sustainable energy technologies.” Energy Policy, 60(2013), 509–519.
Omu, A., Choudhary, R., and Boies, A. (2013). “Distributed energy resource system optimisation using mixed integer linear programming.” Energy Policy, 61(1), 249–266.
Pales, A. F. (2013). The IEA CHP and DHC Collaborative—CHP/DHC country scorecard, Paris.
Persson, U., and Werner, S. (2011). “Heat distribution and the future competitiveness of district heating.” Appl. Energy, 88(3), 568–576.
Poma, C., Verda, V., and Consonni, S. (2010). “Design and performance evaluation of a waste-to-energy plant integrated with a combined cycle.” Energy, 35(2), 786–793.
Salomón, M., Savola, T., Martin, A., Fogelholm, C. J., and Fransson, T. (2011). “Small-scale biomass CHP plants in Sweden and Finland.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 15(9), 4451–4465.
Savola, T., and Keppo, I. (2005). “Off-design simulation and mathematical modeling of small-scale CHP plants at part loads.” Appl. Therm. Eng., 25(8–9), 1219–1232.
Schmidt, D. (2004). “Design of low exergy buildings-method and a pre-design tool.” Int. J. Low Energy Sustainable Build., 2003(1), 1–49.
Söderman, J., and Pettersson, F. (2006). “Structural and operational optimisation of distributed energy systems.” Appl. Therm. Eng., 26(13), 1400–1408.
The Energy Data and Modelling Center Japan. (2014). Handbook of energy and economic statistics, Tokyo.
Tol, H. I., and Svendsen, S. (2012). “Improving the dimensioning of piping networks and network layouts in low-energy district heating systems connected to low-energy buildings: A case study in Roskilde, Denmark.” Energy, 38(1), 276–290.
Weber, C., and Shah, N. (2011). “Optimisation based design of a district energy system for an eco-town in the United Kingdom.” Energy, 36(2), 1292–1308.
Wouters, C., Fraga, E. S., and James, A. M. (2015). “An energy integrated, multi-microgrid, MILP (mixed-integer linear programming) approach for residential distributed energy system planning e A South Australian case-study.” Energy, 85(1), 30–44.
Zinko, H. (2008). “District heating distribution in areas with low heat demand density.”, International Energy Agency, Paris.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 143 • Issue 3 • June 2017
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 6, 2015
Accepted: Feb 22, 2016
Published online: May 6, 2016
Discussion open until: Oct 6, 2016
Published in print: Jun 1, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.