Experimental Investigation of Self-Loosening Behavior of Bolt Joints with Superelastic Shape-Memory Alloy by Macroscopic-Mechanical Response and Microscopic Evolution
Publication: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 146, Issue 7
Abstract
The self-loosening process of a bolted joint due to ratcheting consists of two distinct external loading stages. The first stage of self-loosening, with relatively small loading magnitude, is due to the ratcheting deformation of the materials at the thread of bolt. The second stage of self-loosening, with relatively large loading magnitude, is characterized by the ratcheting deformation of the materials at the bolt bar. The present work concentrated on an experimental investigation of these two stages for self-loosening of a bolt joint with superelastic shape-memory alloy (SMA). The experiments consisted of two members joined by a SMA bolt and two nuts which were subjected to cyclic alternating tension loading. The stress–strain relationship curves of the stud were tested by strain gauges, one attached to the bar of the stud, and another attached to an aluminum washer, which served as a force-test apparatus. The larger preload force and magnitude of alternating loading produced a larger reduction of clamping force of the bolt. The martensite residual strain accumulation under an increasing number of loading cycles is suggested to be responsible for the reduction of the clamping force. A series of microscopic evolution observations for the change law of the residual martensite morphology, the dislocation density, and the phase transformation temperatures under different numbers of loading cycles and different locations of the bolt for the identical loading case were carried out to support this viewpoint and to further clarify the mechanism of the self-loosening behavior of bolt joints with superelastic SMA.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant No. 51775406, 111 Project Grant No. B14042, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities Grant No. JB180412, and the Equipment Pre-research Field Foundation of China Grant No. 61402100202.
References
Bhattacharya, K. 2003. Microstructure and martensite: Why it forms and how it gives rise to the shape-memory effect. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chau, E. T. F., C. M. Friend, D. M. Allen, J. Hora, and J. R. Webster. 2006. “A technical and economic appraisal of shape memory alloys for aerospace applications.” Mater. Sci. Eng. A 438–440 (Nov): 589–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.02.201.
Fang, C., C. H. Y. Michael, H. W. Ma, and K. F. Chung. 2015. “Tests on superelastic Ni–Ti SMA bars under cyclic tension and direct-shear: Towards practical recentring connections.” Mater. Struct. 48 (4): 1013–1030. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0212-4.
Ghannoum, W. M., J. P. Moehle, and Y. Bozorgnia. 2008. “Analytical collapse study of lightly confined reinforced concrete frames subjected to Northridge earthquake ground motions.” J. Earthquake Eng. 12 (7): 1105–1119. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460802003165.
Hamilton, R. F., H. Sehitoglu, Y. Chumlyakov, and H. J. Maier. 2004. “Stress dependence of the hysteresis in single crystal NiTi alloys.” Acta Mater. 52 (11): 3383–3402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2004.03.038.
Jiang, X. J., H. Jin, W. Y. Kun, L. B. Tong, D. J. Li, and H. Peng. 2018. “Finite element analysis for the self-loosening behavior of the bolted joint with a superelastic shape memory alloy.” Materials 11 (9): 1520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091592.
Jiang, X. J., Z. Y. Sheng, H. Jun, C. Xi, and Z. Y. Yun. 2013. “Investigation into the loosening mechanism of bolt in curvic coupling subjected to transverse loading.” Eng. Fail. Anal. 32 (Sep): 360–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.04.005.
Kan, Q. H., Y. Chao, K. G. Zheng, L. Jian, and Y. W. Yi. 2016. “Experimental observations on rate-dependent cyclic deformation of super-elastic NiTi shape memory alloy.” Mech. Mater. 97 (Jun): 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2016.02.011.
Kan, Q. H., and K. G. Zheng. 2010. “Constitutive model for uniaxial transformation ratchetting of superelastic NiTi shape memory alloy at room temperature.” Int. J. Plast. 26 (3): 441–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2009.08.005.
Kang, G. Z., K. Q. Hua, Q. L. Mao, and L. Y. Jie. 2009. “Ratcheting deformation of superelastic and shape memory NiTi alloys.” Mech. Mater. 41 (2): 139–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2008.09.001.
Lagoudas, D. C., and P. B. Entchev. 2004. “Modelling of transformation-induced plasticity and its effect on the behavior of porous shape memory alloys. Part I: constitutive model for fully dense SMAs.” Mech. Mater. 36 (9): 865–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2003.08.006.
Machado, G., H. Louche, T. Alonso, and D. Favier. 2015. “Superelastic cellular NiTi tube-based materials: Fabrication, experiments and modeling.” Mater. Des. 65 (Jan): 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.09.007.
Mitchell, D., M. Bruneau, M. Williams, D. Anderson, M. Saatcioglu, and R. Sexsmith. 1995. “Performance of bridges in the 1994 Northridge earthquake.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 22 (2): 415–427. https://doi.org/10.1139/l95-050.
Ocel, J., R. DesRoches, R. T. Leon, W. G. Hess, R. Krumme, J. R. Hayes, and S. Sweeney. 2004. “Steel beam-column connections using shape memory alloys.” J. Struct. Eng. 130 (5): 732–740. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:5(732).
Otsuka, M., and C. M. Wayman. 1999. Shape memory materials. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Raboud, D. W., M. G. Faulkner, and A. W. Lipsett. 2000. “Superelastic response of NiTi shape memory alloy wires for orthodontic applications.” Smart Mater. Struct. 9 (5): 684–692. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/9/5/313.
Speicher, M. S., R. DesRoches, and R. T. Leon. 2011. “Experimental results of a NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA)-based recentering beam-column connection.” Eng. Struct. 33 (9): 2448–2457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.04.018.
Wang, W., C. Fang, and J. Liu. 2016. “Large size superelastic SMA bars: Heat treatment strategy, mechanical property and seismic application.” Smart Mater. Struct. 25 (7): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/7/075001.
Wang, X. B., B. Verlinden, and J. V. Humbeeck. 2014. “R-phase transformation in NiTi alloys.” Mater. Sci. Technol. 30 (13): 1517–1529. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000590.
Zotov, N., M. Pfund, E. Polatidis, A. F. Mark, and E. J. Mittemeijer. 2017. “Change of transformation mechanism during pseudoelastic cycling of NiTi shape memory alloys.” Mater. Sci. Eng. A 682 (Jan): 178–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.11.052.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 146 • Issue 7 • July 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 10, 2019
Accepted: Feb 5, 2020
Published online: Apr 28, 2020
Published in print: Jul 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Sep 28, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.